development

• What is the anterior section of the brain called?


  Forebrain
• Which section of the brain includes central brain structures?


  Forebrain
• What functions does the frontal lobe control?

  • Memory, abstract thinking, planning and impulse control
• What does the midbrain form?


  Central nervous system
• What does the medulla connect?

  Brain and spinal cord
• What is the role of the cerebellum?


  Controls motor movement
• What is the term for the belief that abilities can improve through practice?

  Growth mindset
• What does the phrase "Don't practice until you get it right, practice until you can't get it wrong" imply?

  Practice should be repeated until the skill is able to be repeated confidently
• What is the theory regarding factual knowledge and skill development?

  Factual knowledge should precede skill development - Daniel Willingham's theory
• How does prior knowledge affect processing power?


  It increases processing power
• What does freeing up space in working memory allow for?


  Focus on skills such as problem solving
• What was the aim of the study regarding decentration and egocentrism?


  To understand children's perspective-taking abilities
• What was the first step in the procedure for the 3 mountains study?

  The child was asked what they could see on their side of the table
• What was the second step in the procedure for the 3 mountains study?

  The child was asked what the researcher could see
• What are the stages of development according to Piaget?

  Sensorimotor, Pre-Operational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
• What is developed during the Sensorimotor Stage?

  Object permanence
• What is animism in children?


  Belief that objects can behave as if they were alive
• What is achieved during the Concrete Operational Stage?


  • Conservation
  • Seriation (sorting objects into size)
  • Reversibility
  • Decentration (seeing things from outside their own perspective)
• What does decentration refer to?


  The ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation
• What is a key feature of the Formal Operational Stage?


  Understanding consequences and abstract reasoning
• What was the main finding regarding progress praise and self-esteem?

  Children who received more progress praise had higher self-esteem
• How many participants were in the Gunderson et al study?

  53 participants (29 boys and 24 girls)
• What percentage of participants were white?


  64%
• What was the method of data collection in the study?


  Videotaped everyday activities in 90-minute sessions
• What was the role of the psychologist in the Gunderson et al study?

  To review videotaped sessions and consider age and gender
• What was found about girls in relation to person praise?


  Girls are more susceptible to receiving person praise
• What are the key developmental milestones in infancy?


  • Hold head up
  • Walk and crawl
  • Smiling and eye contact
  • Stranger anxiety
  • Learning words and listening to others
• What are the key developmental milestones in childhood?

  • Growth and brain development
  • Socializing and playing
  • Making friends
  • Learning a second language
  • Reading and talking more
• What are the characteristics of the Pre-Operational Stage?


  • Symbolic function (2-4 years)
  • Engaging in symbolic play
  • Animism
• What are the characteristics of the Formal Operational Stage?


  • Understanding age, height, gender
  • Recognizing consequences
  • Describing a person
• What are the implications of receiving progress praise versus person praise?


  • Progress praise leads to higher self-esteem
  • Person praise may not have the same effect
• What is generalisabilty?


  The extent to which findings can be applied to a broader population
• What is reliability?


  The consistency in the findings of a study
• What is applicability?


  How well as theory or concept can be applied to different situations
• What is ecological validity?


  A measure of how realistic the setting and situation the study was