Microscopy

• What is the primary function of a microscope?


  To magnify small objects for detailed observation
• In which century did the first microscopes appear?


  In the 1660s
• What significant advancement in microscopy occurred in 1931?


  The invention of the electron microscope
• Why are stains used in microscopy?


  To enhance the visibility of detailed parts of a specimen
• What is the maximum magnification of some electron microscopes?


  Up to 2,140,000 times
• What is a limitation of light microscopes compared to electron microscopes?


  Light microscopes have lower resolution and magnification
• What must specimens be coated with for electron microscopy?


  Metal
• What is the purpose of the eyepiece in a microscope?


  To magnify the image viewed by the user
• What does the coarse focus knob do?


  It moves the stage up and down for initial focusing
• What is the total magnification if the eyepiece is 10x and the objective lens is 40x?


  400x
• How is the actual size of a specimen calculated?

  By dividing the image size by the magnification
• What type of organisms are bacteria classified as?


  Prokaryotic organisms
• What is a plasmid in bacteria?


  A small loop of DNA that can replicate independently
• What is the function of the flagellum in bacteria?


  To enable movement
• What is the size range of bacteria?


  0.2 to 2.0 micrometers in length
• What is the role of the cell membrane in bacteria?


  To provide protection and regulate what enters and exits
• What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?


  To produce energy
• How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?


  Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• What is the genetic material in eukaryotic cells?


  Linear DNA structure
• What is the process by which eukaryotic cells reproduce?


  By mitosis or meiosis
• What are ribosomes responsible for in a cell?


  Protein synthesis
• What is the function of vacuoles in cells?


  To store substances and maintain turgor pressure
• What is the role of enzymes like pepsin and lipase?


  To catalyze biochemical reactions
• What is the significance of genetic material in cells?


  It contains the instructions for cell function and reproduction
• What is the primary function of the cytoplasm in a cell?

  To facilitate chemical reactions
• How do mitochondria contribute to cellular respiration?

  They convert nutrients into energy
• What is the function of the cell wall in bacteria?

  To provide protection and shape
• What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding organelles?

  Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles
• What is the size range of eukaryotic cells?

  10 to 100 micrometers
• What is the significance of the nuclear membrane in eukaryotic cells?

  It protects the nucleus and regulates material exchange
• How do cells maintain homeostasis?


  By regulating their internal environment
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?


  To conduct photosynthesis
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?


  To modify, sort, and package proteins
• What is the primary role of the endoplasmic reticulum?


  To synthesize proteins and lipids
• What is the function of lysosomes?


  To digest waste materials and cellular debris
• How do ribosomes differ in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?


  Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are smaller than those in eukaryotic cells
• What is the function of the cytoskeleton?


  To provide structural support and shape to the cell
• What is the role of the plasma membrane?


  To regulate what enters and exits the cell
• How do cells communicate with each other?


  Through chemical signals and receptors
• What is the primary function of the cell nucleus?


  To store genetic information