Paper 1 geography

• Explain how a camel is adapted to a desert?


  -A camel has a store of fat that is converted into water for when it is needed.

  -camels have triple eye lids to cope with sand

  -they have wide feet so their feet do not sink into the sand
• what is desertification?


  the process of semi-arid grassland becoming degraded and drier and turning into desert.
• what are causes of desertification?


  -over grazing

  -removal of fuel wood

  -rainfall and temperatures
• what is overgrazing?


  to many sheep eating the grass faster than they can re grow.

  Also trampling from animals also erodes the soil
• what is the removal of fuel wood?


  many people in dry area rely on wood as fuel for cooking. Removal of trees leaves the soil exposed.
• what is rainfall in terms of desertification?


  climate change is expected to reduce rainfall in areas that are already dry. Less rain means less water available for plant growth causing the death of plants.
• what is temperatures in terms of desertification?


  higher temperatures cause more water to evaporate from the land. This makes the soil drier so plants struggle to grow
• what are some opportunities in the desert?


  -mining

  -farming

  -Tourism
• How to manage deforestation?


  -selective logging

  -ecotourism

  -International agreements-hardwood forestry
• what is ecotourism?


  a small number of visitors that are allowed to come to a natural area to help conserve on the environment
• what is selective logging?


  when some trees are felled but most trees remain. This less damaging to the forest than clearing a whole area of trees because if the only a few trees are taken out this means that the structure of the forest is still there, allowing the forest to regenerate.
• what is hardwood forestry?


  This is when types of hardwood are taken from the forest to make different types of furnitures like a wardrobe and tables.

  This is beneficial because hardwoods are a high demand in LICs.

  This also promotes the use of wood from sustainably managed forests.
• facts on why rainforest should remain intact.

  -25% of the worlds medicines come from rainforest.

  -clean water supply comes from rainforests

  -biodiversity

  -absorbs and stores CO2 (which is a vital part in managing climate change)

  -produces approx 28% of the worlds oxygen comes from rainforest
• why rainforest shouldn't remain intact


  -Mineral extraction ( for example oil, tin and gas )

  -Logging (a sale of tropical hard wood and this can give many jobs to the community)

  -For industries to generate income( For example, in Malaysia, palm oil is sold to be used for household goods(Nutella and soaps)

  -Malaysia is also the worlds biggest exporter of palm oil.
• what are opportunities for deserts?


  -mining

  -farming

  -tourism
• what are challenges for desert?


  -extreme temperatures

  -water supply
• give facts and figures for the opportunities in a desert?

  -Mining(Rajasthan is rich in minerals like kaolin and Phosphorite)

  -Tourism(In the Thar desert national park, there is an annual desert festival held during the winter which attracts popular tourists)
• give facts and figures about challenges in deserts?

  Extreme temperature(Thar Desert can exceed to 50 degrees in the summer months)

  Water supply(with only 120-240mm of rain falling per year in the desert, water must be used sensibly and sustainably)
• how do waxy leaves with drip tips adapt to the rainforest?

  They encourage surface run off so the weight of the plants do not damage the leaves
• what do trees do to adapt to the rainforest?


  Trees grow tall to compete for sunlight
• how do buttress roots adapt to the rainforest?

  buttress roots support the tall tree trunks
• how do rhinos adapt to the rainforest?


  they have a distinct cll because its very dark on the forest floor and it does this to find a mate
• how does an orangutan adapt to the rainforest?


  -it has curled and long fingers , to secure grip on high tree branches

  -it has long limbs , to swing between trees to get a hold of different foods
• what are the characteristic of a tundra?


  -cold winters

  -summers have rainfall

  -barely has trees

  -permanent layer of frozen ground
• what are the characteristic of a desert?

  -little rainfall

  -cold at night

  -cactus are sparsely distributed
• where are polar regions found?


  found around north and south poles
• where are tundras found?


  found at a high latitude
• where are tropical rainforests found?


  along the equator
• where are deserts found 


  30 degrees north and south of the equator
• what is biodiversity?


  the variety of life (plants and animals) in a particular ecosystem
• how does a snake adapt to a desert?


  a snake is well camouflaged and difficult to spot on rocks. This helps snakes sneak up on prey without being seen before it pounces
• What are two reasons why the biomass changes in the food chain?


  -Animals are not eating all of what it consumes

  -loss of energy through respiration
• What is one advantage of sourcing food in the uk?


  money goes straight to the farmer being the earn an increased income
• Sustainable management of the rainforest?


  -selective logging

  -eco tourism
• What does biodiversity lead to?


  The extinction of certain species
• 100,000 jobs are created through selective logging
• How to reduce decertification? 


  -Water and soil management( plants called acacia are really good at holding the soil together preventing soil erosion)

  -tree planting(the great green wall that increases interception and traps water in regions)

  -Appropriate technology( so instead of using firewood ,use stoves)
• How much did the jubilee water scheme cost?


  £110million
• What are examples of coastal soft management?

  -beach nourishment

  -sand dune regeneration

  -beach profiling
• what is beach nourishment ?


  when sediment is taken from the bay and put on the beach