enzymes

• What is the definition of enzymes?


  Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
• What role do enzymes play in metabolism?


  Enzymes control the chemical reactions necessary for metabolism.
• How do pH and temperature affect enzyme activity?


  Both pH and temperature can change the shape and efficiency of enzymes.
• What does "optimum activity" refer to in enzymes?


  Optimum activity refers to the specific conditions under which an enzyme functions best.
• What is the Active Site Theory?


  The Active Site Theory explains how enzymes are specific to their substrates due to their unique shapes.
• What happens during heat denaturation of proteins?


  Heat denaturation causes proteins to lose their 3D shape and functionality.
• How can you investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity?


  By measuring the rate of reaction of an enzyme like amylase, pepsin, or catalase at different pH levels.
• How can you investigate the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?


  By measuring the rate of reaction of an enzyme like amylase, pepsin, or catalase at different temperatures.
• What is enzyme immobilization?


  Enzyme immobilization is the process of attaching enzymes to an inert material for reuse.
• What is bioprocessing with immobilized enzymes?


  Bioprocessing involves using enzyme-controlled reactions to produce products efficiently.
• What is metabolism?


  Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
• What is the primary source of energy for all life on Earth?

  Solar energy is the primary source of energy for all life on Earth.
• How do organisms obtain energy from biomolecules?

  Organisms break down energy-rich biomolecules through respiration to release energy.
• What is a catalyst?


  A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed in the process.
• How do enzymes speed up reactions?


  Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy required.
• What is activation energy?


  Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed to initiate a reaction.
• What are the characteristics of enzymes?


  Enzymes are proteins, catalysts, specific, and can be affected by environmental factors.
• What is the substrate in an enzyme reaction?


  The substrate is the substance with which an enzyme reacts.
• What is the product in an enzyme reaction?


  The product is the substance formed by the enzyme after the reaction.
• What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic enzymes?


  Catabolic enzymes break down substances, while anabolic enzymes build complex molecules.
• What is the function of amylase?

  Amylase converts starch into maltose.
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?


  DNA polymerase forms and repairs DNA.
• What factors affect enzyme activity?

  Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and presence of inhibitors affect enzyme activity.
• What happens to enzymes at very low temperatures?


  At very low temperatures, enzymes cannot work because the cell contents become solid.
• What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes?


  The optimum temperature for human enzymes is 37 degrees Celsius.
• What happens to enzymes above their optimum temperature?


  Above their optimum temperature, enzymes begin to lose their 3D shape and become denatured.
• What is the optimum pH range for most enzymes?


  The optimum pH range for most enzymes is between pH 6-8.
• What is the optimum pH for pepsin?


  The optimum pH for pepsin is 2.
• How does the range of pH that enzymes can work in compare to temperature?


  Enzymes can work in a much wider range of temperatures compared to pH.
• What is a denatured enzyme?


  A denatured enzyme has lost its shape and can no longer function.
• What causes denaturation of enzymes?


  Denaturation can be caused by temperature, pH, inhibitors, and radiation.
• What is a bioreactor?


  A bioreactor is a vessel in which cells produce useful substances.
• Why are immobilized enzymes preferred in bioprocessing?


  Immobilized enzymes can be reused and allow for easier separation from products.
• What are the advantages of immobilized enzymes?


  Advantages include cost savings, increased stability, and ease of recovery.
• What is the active site of an enzyme?


  The active site is the part of the enzyme that combines with the substrate.
• What happens during heat denaturation of enzymes?


  Heat denaturation permanently changes the shape of the enzyme and its function.
• What is ATP?


  ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that traps and transfers energy for cell reactions.
• What are the components of ATP?


  ATP is made up of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
• What happens to ATP when energy is required in a cell?


  ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate, releasing energy.
• What is NAD+?


  NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a chemical used to carry hydrogen ions and electrons in catabolic reactions.