Endocrine

• What are the four main classes of hormones?


  Peptides, steroid hormones, eicosanoids, and amino acid-derived hormones
• What is an example of a peptide hormone?


  Insulin
• What is an example of a steroid hormone?


  Cortisol
• What is an example of an eicosanoid?


  Prostaglandin
• What is an example of an amino acid-derived hormone?


  Adrenaline
• What is the role of the C-peptide in insulin synthesis?


  It connects the A and B chains of proinsulin before being cleaved off to form insulin
• What are the two main types of steroid hormones derived from cholesterol?


  Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
• What is the function of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes in hormone synthesis?


  They convert arachidonic acid into prostanoids, including prostaglandins
• What type of hormone release is characterized by a daily cycle?

  Circadian
• What type of hormone release is characterized by acute stimulus?


  Triggered
• What are the three types of hormone delivery mechanisms?


  Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine
• What is the role of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)?


  It binds corticosteroids to facilitate their transport in the blood
• How do levels of CBG and SHBG influence hormone availability?


  They can change during conditions like pregnancy or inflammation
• What is the function of the b2 adrenergic receptor?


  It binds adrenaline to trigger muscle relaxation
• What is the role of cAMP in hormone stimulation?


  It acts as a second messenger to trigger cellular responses
• What are the key steps in hormone action?


  Synthesis, delivery, stimulation, feedback, and clearance
• What is the endocrine axis involving CRH, ACTH, and cortisol?


  It involves the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands
• What are the general mechanisms of hormone synthesis and release?

  • Hormones are synthesized from specific precursors
  • Hormones are released in response to various stimuli
  • Feedback loops regulate hormone levels
• What are the clinical implications of modulating hormonal networks?


  • Understanding hormone interactions can lead to better treatments
  • Hormonal imbalances can affect multiple body systems
  • Targeting specific hormones can improve health outcomes
• How do feedback loops combine into signaling axes?


  • Feedback loops regulate hormone levels
  • Signaling axes involve multiple hormones and glands
  • They coordinate physiological responses over time