Muscles

• What are the major skeletal muscles of the muscular system?

  • Deltoids
  • Biceps
  • Triceps
  • Wrist flexors and extensors
  • Supinators and pronators
  • Pectorals
  • Abdominals
  • Obliques
  • Quadriceps
  • Hip flexors
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Erector spinae
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Gluteals
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
• How many types of muscle are there in the human body?


  3 types
• What are the characteristics and functions of the different types of muscles?

  • Cardiac: non-fatiguing, involuntary
  • Skeletal: fatiguing, voluntary
  • Smooth: involuntary, slow contraction
• What does the term 'flex' refer to in muscle movement?


  It refers to bending a joint, such as the knee
• What is the role of the deltoid muscle?


  Adducts the arm at the shoulder joint
• What is the role of the bicep muscle?


  Flexes the lower arm at the elbow joint
• What is the role of the tricep muscle?


  Extends the lower arm at the elbow joint
• What are the terms used to describe muscle roles in movement?

  • Agonist
  • Antagonist
  • Synergist
  • Fixator
• What are the types of skeletal muscle contraction?

  • Isometric
  • Concentric
  • Eccentric
• What is the significance of muscle fibre type recruitment during exercise?


  It determines the characteristics of muscle performance
• What are the characteristics of each muscle fibre type?


  • Type I: Slow-twitch, endurance
  • Type IIa: Fast-twitch, moderate endurance
  • Type IIx: Fast-twitch, high power
• What is the 'all or none law' in muscle contraction?


  It states that a muscle fibre contracts fully or not at all
• What are the responses of the muscular system to a single sport or exercise session?


  • Increased blood supply
  • Increased muscle temperature
  • Increased muscle pliability
  • Lactate production (high-intensity exercise)
  • Microtears (resistance exercise)
• What are the adaptations of the muscular system to exercise?

  • Hypertrophy
  • Increased tendon strength
  • Increase in myoglobin stores
  • Increase in number and size of mitochondria
  • Increase in storage of glycogen
  • Increase in storage of fat
  • Increased tolerance to lactate
• How does age affect the muscular system?


  It leads to a loss of muscle mass
• What is cramp in relation to the muscular system?


  It is an involuntary sustained skeletal muscle contraction
• What is the role of a ligament?


  A ligament holds bone to bone.
• What is the function of ligaments?


  To stabilize structures relative to one another.
• What is a strain?


  A strain refers to a ligament injury.
• What is the role of a tendon?


  A tendon holds muscle to bone.
• What do tendons provide for muscles?


  Tendons provide muscles with the means to move tissues.
• What is a sprain?


  A sprain refers to a tendon injury.
• What are antagonistic muscle pairs and their roles?


  • Antagonistic muscle pairs work together to flex and extend joints.
  • Examples include agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
• What is the role of a synergist muscle?


  A synergist assists the agonist muscle for a specific action at a joint.
• What is the function of a fixator muscle?


  A fixator stabilizes one part of the body during movement of another part.
• How does the deltoid muscle function during a bicep curl?


  The deltoid helps stabilize the bicep during the movement.