19th Century

• What significant changes characterized the 19th century?


  Monumental changes in politics, warfare, and social structure
• How did the 19th century shape Britain and the British Empire?


  It transformed them into global superpowers
• What were the defining features of the 19th century?

  • The Industrial Revolution
  • Political reforms
  • International conflicts
• What era culminated in Britain's dominance during the 19th century?

  The Victorian period
• What year was the Act of Union that merged Great Britain with Ireland?


  1801
• What was the purpose of the Act of Union (1801)?


  To consolidate control over Ireland
• What was created as a result of the Act of Union (1801)?


  The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
• Which countries were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland?


  England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland
• What tensions persisted in Ireland throughout the 19th century after the Act of Union?


  Tensions regarding Irish autonomy
• What years did the Napoleonic Wars take place?


  1803–1815
• What was the primary threat posed by Napoleon Bonaparte to Britain?


  His expansionist ambitions threatened Britain and its empire
• What were the main theaters of conflict during the Napoleonic Wars?


  • Land battles across Europe
  • Naval engagements in the Caribbean
  • Conflicts in North Africa
• What significant event in 1812 weakened Napoleon's forces?


  His invasion of Russia
• What was the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo in 1815?


  Napoleon was defeated by a coalition led by the Duke of Wellington
• How did the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo affect Britain's status in Europe?


  It solidified Britain's status as a dominant European power
• What were the main causes of the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States?


  Trade restrictions, impressment of sailors, and territorial disputes
• What was the outcome of the War of 1812 in military terms?


  The war was inconclusive militarily
• What did the Treaty of Ghent accomplish in 1814?


  It restored pre-war boundaries and normalized relations
• How did the Treaty of Ghent affect future relations between Britain and the United States?


  It set the stage for future cooperation between the two nations
• What were the key factors that led to the War of 1812?


  • Trade restrictions imposed by Britain
  • Impressment of American sailors into the British Navy
  • Territorial disputes between the United States and Britain
• What were the implications of the Treaty of Ghent for the United States and Britain?


  • Restoration of pre-war boundaries
  • Normalization of diplomatic relations
  • Foundation for future cooperation
• What did the Catholic Relief Act of 1829 accomplish?


  It granted Catholics in Britain and Ireland the right to hold public office.
• Why was the Catholic Relief Act significant?


  it allowed Catholics in Britain and Ireland to hold public office and sit in Parliament for the first time in nearly 300 years.
• What was the main purpose of the Reform Act of 1832?


  To address corruption and inequality in the electoral system.
• How did the Reform Act of 1832 change the electoral system?


  It redistributed parliamentary seats and expanded the franchise.
• What was a limitation of the Reform Act of 1832?


  The working poor remained disenfranchised.
• What did the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 achieve?


  It abolished slavery throughout most of the British Empire.
• What compensation did the Slavery Abolition Act provide?


  It provided compensation to slaveholders rather than reparations to freed individuals.
• Until when did slavery persist in some territories of the British Empire?

  Until the mid-19th century.
• What are the key reforms introduced by the Whig Party in the early 19th century?


  • Catholic Relief Act (1829): Granted Catholics the right to hold public office.
  • Reform Act (1832): Addressed electoral corruption and expanded the franchise.
  • Slavery Abolition Act (1833): Abolished slavery in most of the British Empire.
• What years did the Crimean War take place?


  1853–1856
• Which countries were involved in the Crimean War?

  Russia, Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire
• What sparked the Crimean War?


  Disputes over influence in Ottoman territories and religious rights in the Holy Land
• What flaws were exposed in British military strategy during the Crimean War?


  Flaws in military strategy and healthcare
• What were the consequences of the Crimean War for British military and healthcare?


  • Significant reforms in military strategy
  • Improvements in healthcare practices
  • Rise of Florence Nightingale as a pioneer of modern nursing
• What period does Victorian Britain cover?


  1837–1901
• What were the main impacts of the Industrial Revolution on Britain?


  • Transformed Britain into the world’s leading industrial power
  • Advances in machinery and factory production
  • Revolutionized manufacturing, transportation, and urban life
• What was the peak period of the British Empire?

  Mid-19th century
• What does the phrase "the sun never sets on the British Empire" signify?


  It reflects the global reach of the British Empire.
• What were some key technological innovations of the 19th century?

  • Combustion engine
  • Photography
  • Telegraphy