Jean Piaget

• Schema - an internal representation of the world
• Schema - it helps an individual understand the world they inhabit
• Assimilation - it is using existing schema to deal with a new object or situation
• Accommodation - this happens when the existing schema does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation
• Equilibrium - occurs when a child's schemas can deal with most new information through assimilation
• Cognitive Development Theory - stated that children's intelligence undergoes changes as they grow
• Sensorimotor Stage - from birth to 2 years old
• Sensorimotor Stage - infants construct an understanding of the world buy coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions
• Sensorimotor Stage - infants progress from reflexive, instinctual actions at birth to the beginning of problem-solving and symbolic activities toward the end of this stage
• Object Permanence (Memory) - to realize that object exist even if they are out sight
• Preoperational Stage - from 2 to 7 years old (toddler and early childhood)
• Preoperational Stage - this is a period of developing language and concepts, thus, the child is capable is capable of more complex mental representations
• Preoperational Stage - this stage begins when the child starts to use symbols and language
• Preoperational Stage - this stage begins when the child starts to use symbols and language
• What are the two sub-stages of preoperational stage?

  Preconceptual Stage, Intuitive Stage
• Preconceptual Stage - increased use of verbal representation but speech is egocentric
• Preconceptual Stage - ranges from 2 to 4 years
• Intuitive Stage - speech becomes more social, less egocentric
• Intuitive Stage - the child base their knowledge on what they feel or sense to be true, yet they cannot explain the underlying principles behind what they feel or sense
• Intuitive Stage - ranges from 4 to 7 years old
• What are the key concepts of the Preconceptual Stage?

  Egocentrism, Animism, Concentration, Conservation
• Egocentrism - the child's thoughts and communications are typically about themselves or their own point of view
• Animism - treating inanimate objects as living ones
• Concentration - the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects
• Conservation - the knowledge that quantity is related to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
• Concrete Operational Stage - from ages 7 to 12 years (childhood and early adolescence)
• Concrete Operational Stage - is characterized by the appropriate use of logic
• Seriation - the ability to sort object in an order according to size, shape or any other characteristics
• Transitivity - the ability to recognize logical relationships among elements in a serial order
• Classification - ability to group objects together on the basis of common features
• Decentring - ability to take multiple aspects of a situational account
• Reversibility - to understand that numbers or objects can be changed, then returned to their original state
• Conservation - understanding that the quantity, length or number of items is unrelated to the arrangement or appearance of the object
• Elimination of Egocentrism - ability to view things from another's perspective
• Formal Operational Stage - from ages 12 years & above (adolescence and adulthood)
• Formal Operational Stage - the child's thought becomes increasingly flexible and abstract
• Formal Operational Stage - the ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodological way
• Formal Operational Stage - develops skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning as well as inductive reasoning and systematic planning