Psychology

• What is a severe mental illness characterized by impaired reality contact?

  Psychosis
• What percentage of the population is affected by this severe mental illness?

  1%
• Which gender is most commonly affected by this mental illness?

  Men
• In which areas is this mental illness more prevalent?

  Urban areas
• In which socio-economic groups is this mental illness more common?

  Low socio-economic groups
• What are the two main resources used for diagnosing this mental illness?

  • ICD-10: Two or more negative symptoms
  • DSM-5: One positive symptom must be present
• What are positive symptoms in the context of this mental illness?

  Additional experiences beyond ordinary existence
• What are hallucinations?

  Unusual sensory experiences
• How can hallucinations relate to the environment?

  Some relate to events, others do not
• Give an example of a hallucination.

  Hearing voices that criticize the sufferer
• From which senses can hallucinations arise?

  Any of the senses
• What are delusions?

  Irrational beliefs, often involving paranoia
• What can delusions lead individuals to believe about their bodies?

  That their body is controlled by external forces
• How can delusions affect behavior?

  They can lead to sensible or bizarre actions
• What are negative symptoms?

  The loss of usual abilities and experiences
• What is avolition sometimes called?

  Apathy
• What does avolition involve?

  Difficulty in goal-directed activity
• What are the three signs identified by Andreason for avolition?

  Poor hygiene, lack of persistence, lack of energy
• What is speech poverty?

  Changes in patterns and reduction of speech
• What does DSM emphasize regarding speech?

  Speech disorganization and incoherent speech
• What does reliability in diagnosis refer to?

  Consistency in diagnosis among professionals
• What is inter-rater reliability?

  Agreement among different professionals' diagnoses
• What is test-retest reliability?

  Same professional reaching the same diagnosis
• What inter-rater reliability score did Osorio et al find using DSM-5?

  +0.97
• What test-retest reliability score did Osorio et al find?

  +0.92
• What does validity in diagnosis refer to?

  Measuring what we intend to measure
• What is criterion validity?

  Do different systems arrive at the same diagnosis?
• What did Cheniaux et al find regarding diagnosis systems?

  ICD diagnoses schizophrenia more than DSM
• What does co-morbidity refer to?

  Two or more conditions occurring together
• What percentage of patients also have depression according to Buckley et al?

  50%
• What percentage of patients also have substance abuse issues?

  47%
• What percentage of patients also have OCD?

  23%
• What is symptom overlap?

  Overlap between schizophrenia and other conditions
• Which two conditions have overlapping symptoms with schizophrenia?

  Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
• What gender bias has been observed in schizophrenia diagnoses since the 1980s?

  More men diagnosed than women
• Why might women be underdiagnosed for schizophrenia?

  Better support and functioning due to relationships
• What cultural bias exists in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Different meanings of symptoms in cultures
• How much more likely are British people of African origin to be diagnosed with schizophrenia?

  Up to nine times more likely
• What did Escobar (2012) find regarding psychiatrists from different cultural backgrounds?

  They overinterpret black people during diagnosis