BIOL341:UNIT 2

• What are the four basic types of tissues?

  Connective, epithelium, muscle, and nervous tissues
• What are the functions of connective tissues?

  • Protect and support
  • Bind cells together
  • Fill spaces throughout the body
  • Include cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph
• What roles do epithelium tissues play?

  • Form linings that protect
  • Secrete substances
  • Absorb nutrients
  • Excrete waste
• What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

  To provide movement through cell contraction
• What is the role of nervous tissues?

  To transmit information and coordinate movement
• How many copies of the genome do diploid cells have?

  Two copies
• How many copies of the genome do haploid cells have?

  One copy
• What distinguishes somatic cells from germ cells?

  Somatic cells are diploid body cells, while germ cells are haploid reproductive cells
• What is a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not
• What are the major macromolecules that make up cells?

  Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
• What is the function of carbohydrates in cells?

  To provide energy and contribute to cell structure
• What roles do lipids play in the body?

  Form membranes, provide insulation, store energy, and form hormones
• What are the functions of proteins in the human body?

  Enable blood clotting, form muscle fibers, and fight infections
• Why are enzymes important proteins?

  They catalyze biochemical reactions necessary for sustaining life
• What is the role of nucleic acids in cells?

  To translate genetic information into proteins that define cell characteristics
• What are the structures and functions of organelles within a cell?

  • Endoplasmic reticulum: protein and lipid synthesis
  • Golgi apparatus: modifies and sorts proteins
  • Lysosome: degrades debris and recycles contents
  • Mitochondrion: releases energy from nutrients
  • Nucleus: contains DNA
  • Peroxisome: detoxifies molecules
  • Ribosomes: protein synthesis
  • Vesicles: transport substances
• How do organelles interact during secretion and energy acquisition?

  The rough ER synthesizes proteins, which are modified in the Golgi apparatus and transported in vesicles
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  To surround the cell and regulate the movement of molecules in and out
• What is the structure of a biological membrane?

  A double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids
• What is the hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature of phospholipids?

  The phosphate end is hydrophilic, while the fatty acid chains are hydrophobic
• What are channelopathies?

  Diseases caused by faulty ion channels in membranes
• What is the cytoskeleton?

  A dynamic network of protein rods and tubules providing structural support
• What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?

  • Microtubules: maintain organization and enable transport
  • Microfilaments: withstand stretching and anchor cells
  • Intermediate filaments: provide mechanical support
• How does the plasma membrane facilitate cell-to-cell communication?

  Through signal transduction and cellular adhesion
• What is signal transduction?

  A process where receptors detect external signals and trigger internal reactions
• What is cellular adhesion?

  The process that allows cells to attach to one another
• How can inherited diseases affect molecules other than proteins?

  They can impair carbohydrate digestion or disrupt lipid metabolism
• How do enzyme deficiencies lead to diseases?

  They disrupt metabolic pathways, causing toxic buildup of substances
• What are the treatments for various metabolic disorders?

  • Lactase deficiency: lactose-free formulas
  • Familial hypercholesterolemia: cholesterol-lowering medications
  • Maple syrup urine disease: low-amino-acid diet
  • Biotinidase deficiency: biotin supplementation
  • Wilson disease: chelating agents to remove excess copper
• What can happen if mitosis and apoptosis rates are not balanced?

  It can lead to cancer or tissue degeneration
• What are the phases of the cell cycle?

  G1, S, G2, and M phases
• What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

  The cell prepares for DNA replication and histone synthesis
• What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

  DNA replicates and histones are synthesized
• What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle responsible for?

  Final preparations for mitosis, including protein and membrane synthesis
• What are the stages of mitosis and their functions?

  • Prophase: DNA coils, spindles form, nuclear membrane breaks down
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles
• What happens during prophase of mitosis?

  DNA coils tightly, and the nuclear membrane breaks down
• What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

  Chromosomes align along the cell's equator
• What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

  Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell
• What is the role of neuroglia in the nervous system?

  Neuroglia support and nourish neurons
• What is autophagy?

  The process by which lysosomes degrade cellular debris