Muscles

• The central nervous system consist of...


  brain and spinal cord
• The central nervous system is protected by...


  bone structure such as skull and spine.
• The peripheral nervous system consist of


  31 pairs of spinal nerves & 12 pairs of cranial nerves
• The PNS is responsible for .....


  communication between CNS and the body
• Sensory division has what kind of nerves?


  sensory nerves
• Sensory nerves are afferent or efferent?


  afferent
• Where does sensory division conduct impulses?


  From receptors to the central nervous system (CNS)
• Sensory fibers divided into what two categories of nerves?


  somatic & visceral
• What does somatic nerve do?


  conducts info from skin, muscles and joint
• What does visceral nerve do?


  conducts info from internal organ
• Are Motor division nerves efferent or afferent?


  efferent
• What does motor division do?


  They conduct impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles, glands, adipose tissue)
• Give example of effectors?


  muscles, glands, & adipose tissue
• Efferent nerves are part of what two nervous system?


  somatic and autonomic nervous system
• What does somatic nervous system do?


  It send impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
• what does autonomic nervous system do?


  it sends impulses from CNS to the smooth muscles, heart, endocrine glands & adipose glands & adipose tissue.
• Are somatic nerves Voluntary control or Involuntary control?


  Voluntary Control
• Are Visceral nervous system Voluntary control or Involuntary control?


  Involuntary Control
• What is the neuron structure consist of?


  cell body with nucleus, dendrites, axon with myselin sheath.
• What are the three types of neurons?


  Sensory neurons, Interneurons of CNS, and Efferent neurons
• Sensory neurons are _______________ and _____________.


  pseudounipolar and Bipolar
• Interneurons of CNS are __________ and ___________.


  Anaxonic and Multipolar
• Efferent neurons are _______.


  Multipolar
• Describe efferent neuron being a multipolar?


  1. It has 5 to 7 dendrites.

  2. Branches 5 to 6 times.

  3. Single axon branches several times & ends at enlarged axon terminals.
• Describe Interneurons of CNS being a Anaxonic?


  Has no apparent axon!
• Describe Interneurons of CNS being a Multipolar?


  Are highly branches but lack long extensions
• Describe a Sensory Neuron being pseudounipolar?


  Has single axon & dendrites fused with axon during development stage.
• Describe a Sensory Neuron being bipolar?


  2 relatively equal fibers extending from cell center
• What is the steps of axonal transport?


  1. Pepdides synthesise and packeged

  2. Fast axonal transport along microtubule network

  3. Vesicle contents released by exocytosis

  4. Synaptic vescile recycling

  5. Retrograde fast axonal transport

  6. Old membranes components digested in lysosomes
• Where are Glial cells found?


  within PNS and CNS
• Glial cells in PNS contains what two types of cells?


  Schwann cells & Satellite cells
• Glial cells in CNS contains what 4 types of cells?


  1. Oligodendrocytes

  2. Astrocytes

  3. Microglia

  4. Ependymal
• Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes forms______?


  Forms myelin sheath
• what does schwann cell do?

  secrete neurotrophic factors
• What does Satellite cells do?


  Support cell bodies
• microglial cells (CNS)


  act as scavengers
• Astrocytes (CNS)


  1. provide substrates for ATP production

  
  

  2. Help form BBB (Blood Brain Barrier)

  
  

  3. secrete neurotrophic factors

  
  

  4. takes up K+, h2O and neurotransmitters
• ependymal cells (CNS)


  1. Source of neural stem cells

  2. Creates barriers between compartments
• Name some electrical signals in neurons?


  K+, Na+, Cl- and Ca2+
• -70mv


  electrical charge across cell membrane at resting state!