gender

• What is sex defined as in the study material?

  Sex is your biological status determined by genes, hormones, and chromosomes.
• How is gender defined in the study material?

  Gender is a psychosocial status that includes expected attitudes, behaviors, and roles of males and females.
• What is the difference between sex and gender according to the study material?

  Sex is unchangeable and based on biological factors, while gender is changeable and based on societal expectations.
• What is a sex role stereotype?

  A sex role stereotype is an expected behavior or set of attitudes that people are expected to follow, reinforced in society.
• What did Ingalihiker find regarding male and female brains?

  Females had better communication between their hemispheres, allowing for multi-tasking, while males had better communication within their hemispheres for complex problem solving.
• What did Rubin conclude about gender stereotyping?

  Rubin concluded that gender stereotyping occurs within the first 24 hours after birth.
• What is androgyny according to the study material?

  Androgyny is a state where individuals possess both male and female traits, allowing them to adapt to situations and is considered psychologically healthy.
• What was the method used in the BSRI?

  The BSRI involved giving participants a list of 60 traits to score themselves on a scale of 1-7, with traits categorized as male, female, or neutral.
• What were Bem's findings from the BSRI?

  Bem found that androgyny was the most psychologically healthy and had the best mental well-being among the four categorizations.
• What is a weakness of the BSRI mentioned in the study material?

  A weakness of the BSRI is that it is a self-report experiment, which may lead to dishonest answers as participants might respond in a socially desirable manner.
• What determines the sex of a child according to the biological explanation?

  The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the sex of a child.
• What is the female sex chromosome pattern?

  The female sex chromosome pattern is XX.
• What role does the SRY gene play in males?

  The SRY gene in the Y chromosome causes the release of testosterone, aiding in the development of male reproductive organs.
• What is the role of testosterone?

  Testosterone controls the development of male sex organs and is associated with aggression.
• What did Van de Poll's experiment with female rats demonstrate?

  Van de Poll's experiment showed that injecting testosterone into female rats led to increased aggression, indicating a link between testosterone and aggression.
• What is the role of oestrogen?

  Oestrogen is responsible for the development of female reproductive organs and menstruation.
• What does oxytocin do?

  Oxytocin is responsible for lactation and bonding, and women produce more than men, explaining a deeper need for intimacy.
• What happened to Bruce, later known as Brenda, after a circumcision went wrong?

  Bruce was raised as a girl but experienced gender dysphoria and later reverted back to a male, ultimately committing suicide at age 38.
• What is a weakness of the biological approach to gender?

  A weakness is that it is reductionist, reducing gender to genes, hormones, and chromosomes while ignoring thought processes and environmental influences.
• What are the two atypical sex chromosome patterns mentioned?

  The two atypical sex chromosome patterns are XXY and XO.
• How many males are affected by Klinefelter's syndrome?

  Around 1 in 750 males are affected by Klinefelter's syndrome.
• What are two physical characteristics of individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome?

  Two physical characteristics are long, gangly limbs and reduced body hair.
• What are two psychological characteristics of individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome?

  Two psychological characteristics are poor memory and shyness.
• What is the sex chromosome pattern for Turner syndrome?

  The sex chromosome pattern for Turner syndrome is XO.
• What are two physical characteristics of individuals with Turner syndrome?

  Two physical characteristics are broad, shield chest and webbed neck.
• What are two psychological characteristics of individuals with Turner syndrome?

  Two psychological characteristics are poor maths ability and immaturity.
• What is a weakness of Turner syndrome research?

  A weakness is that social immaturity may be influenced by environmental factors, as many individuals with Turner syndrome become isolated during puberty.
• What is a weakness of Klinefelter's syndrome research?

  A weakness is that only 33% of males with Klinefelter's syndrome are aware of their condition, leading to potential exaggeration of symptoms.
• What does Kohlberg's Stage Theory suggest about understanding gender?

  Kohlberg's Stage Theory suggests that understanding gender runs parallel with intellectual development and progresses with age.
• What is the first stage of Kohlberg's stages of gender development?

  The first stage is gender identity, occurring at ages 2-3 years old.
• What occurs during the gender identity stage?

  During the gender identity stage, a child recognizes themselves as a boy or girl but relies on superficial traits to apply this to others.
• What happens in the gender stability stage?

  In the gender stability stage, a child understands that their gender is constant but may get confused when presented with different situations.
• What stage is Matt in if he does not understand that his gender won't change when he grows up?

  Matt is in the gender identity stage.
• What does egocentric mean in the context of children's development?

  Egocentric means that children have an inability to see the world from the perspective of others and only see it from their own point of view.
• What is conservation in child development?

  Conservation is the idea that children cannot understand that even though an object has changed shape or arrangement, the amount remains the same.
• At what age do children typically understand conservation and become less egocentric?

  Children typically understand conservation and are no longer egocentric around the age of 6, in the gender constancy stage.
• What is a weakness of Kohlberg's stages of gender development?

  A weakness is that most research comes from interviews with children, which may affect their understanding and verbalization, reducing validity.