TOPIC 2 BIO

• What are the two types of cells that must be learned about?

  Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
• What is the structure that contains the DNA in eukaryotic cells?

  The nucleus
• What are the main characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

  • Larger than prokaryotic cells
  • DNA contained in a nucleus
  • Part of complex multicellular organisms
  • Contains specialized cells for various functions
• How are organisms structured from cells to organ systems?

  1. Organisms are made up of organ systems
  2. Organ systems contain a range of organs
  3. Organs are made up of tissues
  4. Tissues consist of specialized cells
• Which organisms are classified as eukaryotic?

  Animals, plants, and fungi
• What are the 10 organelles found in eukaryotic cells that you need to know?

  1. Cell-surface membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Chloroplasts
  5. Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles
  6. Lysosomes
  7. Ribosomes
  8. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  9. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  10. Cell wall

  
• What is the structure of the cell-surface membrane?

  Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol

  
• What is the function of the cell-surface membrane?

  Controls the entrance and exit of molecules
• What is the structure of the nucleus?

  Double membrane with nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and a nucleolus

  
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  Site of DNA replication and transcription
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  Double membrane with cristae and mitochondrial matrix

  
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
• What is the structure of chloroplasts?

  Double membrane with thylakoids and stroma
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins

  
• What are lysosomes?

  Bags of digestive enzymes
• What is the structure of ribosomes?

  Small granules made of two sub-units of protein and rRNA

  
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Site of protein synthesis
• What are the functions of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  Rough ER synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes and stores lipids and carbohydrates

  
• What is the structure of the cell wall in plants?

  Made of microfibrils of cellulose polymer

  
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  Provides structural strength to the cell
• What is the structure of the cell vacuole?

  Filled with fluid and surrounded by a tonoplast

  
• What is the function of the cell vacuole?

  Makes cells turgid and stores sugars and amino acids
• What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Prokaryotic cells are smaller
  • Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles
  • Prokaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes (70S)
  • Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus
  • Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall made of murein
• What is the structure of prokaryotic cell walls?

  Made of murein (peptidoglycan)
• What is the structure of prokaryotic DNA?

  Found as a single circular molecule in the cytoplasm
• What are plasmids in bacteria?

  Rings of DNA containing genes linked to survival
• What is the function of the capsule in some bacteria?

  Provides protection and helps bacteria stick together
• What are flagella used for in bacteria?

  Locomotion
• What are viruses classified as?

  Non-living and acellular
• What do viruses contain?

  Genetic material, a capsid, and attachment proteins
• What is the function of the lipid envelope in HIV?

  Enables the virus to identify host cells to enter
• What are the methods used to study cells?

  1. Microscopes
  2. Cell fractionation
  3. Ultracentrifugation
• What are the three key types of microscopes?

  1. Optical microscopes
  2. Transmission electron microscopes
  3. Scanning electron microscopes
• What is magnification in microscopy?

  How many times larger the image is compared to the object
• What is resolution in microscopy?

  The minimum distance between two objects in which they can still be viewed as separate
• Why do optical microscopes have poorer resolution than electron microscopes?

  Because light has a longer wavelength
• What is the difference in image quality between optical and electron microscopes?

  Optical microscopes produce colored images, while electron microscopes produce black and white images
• What is the purpose of calibration in microscopy?

  To measure the size of objects viewed under the microscope accurately

  
• What is the process of homogenization in cell fractionation?

  Breaking down cells to free organelles for separation