topic 2 bio

• What is the overall function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

  DNA replication and transcription of mRNA
• What are the key structures within the nucleus?

  Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nucleolus
• What is the role of the nucleolus?

  Site of RNA production and ribosome assembly
• What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  RER has ribosomes on its surface, while SER does not
• What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  Protein synthesis
• What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  Synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates
• What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

  A folded membrane system with vesicles pinching off
• What modifications can occur in the Golgi apparatus?

  Carbohydrates can be added to proteins to form glycoproteins
• What are lysosomes and their primary function?

  Bags of digestive enzymes involved in hydrolysis
• What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?

  Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  A double membrane organelle with folded inner membranes called cristae
• What is the significance of the loop of DNA found in mitochondria?

  It codes for enzymes needed in respiration
• What are ribosomes made of?

  rRNA and proteins
• What is the size difference between ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes, while prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes
• What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?

  To provide turgor pressure and store substances
• What surrounds the vacuole in plant cells?

  A single membrane called tonoplast
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What are the membranes found in chloroplasts?

  Outer membrane, inner membrane, and thylakoid membranes
• What are thylakoid membranes embedded with?

  Proteins and pigments such as chlorophyll
• What is the function of the stroma in chloroplasts?

  Contains enzymes needed for light-independent reactions of photosynthesis
• What is the function of cell walls in plant and fungal cells?

  Provide structural strength and prevent bursting
• What is the composition of plant cell walls?

  Cellulose
• What is the composition of fungal cell walls?

  Chitin
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  Controls what enters and exits the cell
• What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells are smaller, lack membrane-bound organelles, and have a single loop of DNA
• What is the structure of prokaryotic DNA?

  A single loop of DNA free in the cytoplasm
• What is the composition of prokaryotic cell walls?

  Murine
• What is the function of the capsule in prokaryotic cells?

  To prevent desiccation and evade the immune system
• What is the role of flagella in prokaryotic cells?

  To aid in movement
• What are viruses classified as?

  Acellular and non-living
• What are the components of virus particles?

  Genetic material, capsid, and attachment proteins
• How do viruses replicate?

  Inside host cells by injecting their nucleic acid
• What are the methods of studying cells mentioned in the video?

  Microscopy, cell fractionation, and ultra centrifugation
• What is the definition of magnification?

  How many times larger the image is compared to the object
• What determines the resolution of an optical microscope?

  The wavelength of light
• What determines the resolution of electron microscopes?

  The wavelength of the beam of electrons
• Why do electron microscopes have a higher resolution than optical microscopes?

  Because electrons have a shorter wavelength than light
• What is the main advantage of optical microscopes?

  They can produce color images and view living samples
• What is the difference between transmission and scanning electron microscopes?

  TEM produces 2D images, while SEM produces 3D images
• What does the host cell use to replicate the virus particle?

  Genetic material