topic 1

• treaty of London 1518:

  signed in London in1518 as a Muslim army from turkey was invading Italy and the pope needed help from Europe.

  Wolsey took it as an opportunity and called the meeting.

  Significance

  success:

  • able to convince Henry to go for a peaceful approach instead of war
  • made peace with the french
  • made Henry look like a great peacemaker (centre of events)
  • failures:
  • Henry didn't get war (no military glory)
  • Wolsey basically made friends with henrys enemies
• field of cloth of gold 1520:

  signed an alliance treaty with france

  symbolised henrys wealth and success

  the treaty fell through

  significance

  success:

  • able to look equal to francis
  • had a meal with each others wives to demonstrate trust
  • Wolsey able to avoid war by making spectacular peace
  • failures:
  • spent a fortune to prove his superiority but failed
  • waste of time as Henry joined Charles in war against francis
• foreign policy 1521-28

  france and Holy Roman Empire:

  protected England from france however Charles didn't want a war with france

  they had different aims

  significance

  success:

  very close to invading france (close as he ever got)

  war didn't happen due to external factors (Charles)

  failures:

  didn't actually invade france

  causes biggest uprising against Henry to date

  ran out of money (no money = no war)
• domestic policies- enclosures:

  common land with fences for their own use. caused unemployment

  increased the number of the wandering poor (vagrants)

  successes:

  failures:

  made enemies with landowners

  continued to enclose illegally anyways
• domestic policies- justice:

  wanted everyone to be treated equally in court

  earl of northumberland imprisoned for refusing to obey a courts decision

  successes:

  some people were helped by this system

  failures:

  too many cases for the courts to deal with

  gained more enemies than made friends
• domestic policies- finance:

  ordinary income= rents, expected to pay the costs of the king and his family

  extraordinary income= taxes to pay for wars

  successes:

  collected lots of money (£800 k)

  failures:

  spent more money than what was being raised because of warfare
• domestic policies- Eltham ordinances

  cost of the royal household was too much

  group of young noblemen in the household were trying to persuade the king to reduce Wolseys power

  successes:

  was trying to get his marriage annulled at the same time (something that would make Henry like him more)

  failures:

  none of the changes were made so no money was saved
• domestic policies- amicable grant

  tax from the 'kindness of peoples hearts'

  successes:

  failures:

  people couldn't afford it

  caused a huge rebellion (4000 marched London)

  Wolsey had to abandon the grant and pardon the rebel leaders
• why did Henry want an annulment- succession

  needed male heir desperately

  Catherine failed to do her duty to the king

  getting to old to concieve

  Mary prepared for role of future wife not to be queen

  significance:

  no heir means threat of invasion from Yorkists

  no heir means the end of the Tudor dynasty
• why did Henry want an annulment- invalid marriage

  influenced by Leviticus (said that its bad to marry your brothers wife)

  needed an annulment to 'cleanse his soul'

  significance:

  Catherine had to go as she physically couldn't give him what he needed; a male heir
• why did Henry want an annulment- Anne boleyn

  Henry was attracted to the young and beautiful anne

  could potentially give him a male heir

  refused to become his mistress so he HAD to marry her

  significance:

  believed she was the one to provide him with a male heir (kings great matter)
• why did the pope not grant an annulment- Charles v

  Charles not allied with henry

  Charles is in control of the pope

  Catherine was Charles's aunt

  Charles couldn't let annulment go ahead as it would be embarrassing for his aunt

  significance:

  Charles in control of pope and could dictate him

  didn't allow the annnulment
• why did the pope not grant an annulment- Catherines plea

  declared marriage was legal

  said annulment shouldn't be passes

  stressed her love/ devotion/ loyalty to Henry for 24 years

  significance:

  won massive sympathy

  held herself with dignity and gained many supporters

  cardinal campeggio felt sorry for her
• why did the pope not grant an annulment- popes reluctance to contradict

  pope reluctant to go against pope Julius's dispensation (allowed Henry to marry Catherine in the first place)

  significance:

  pope didn't want other leaders to question his authority and decisions

  damages his papal power
• why did Wolsey fall from power- failed annulment

  pope recalled the case to rome

  Henry blamed Wolsey as it was his job to get the annulment and his idea to involve the papacy

  left Wolsey open to attack as his enemies in court had chance to persuade Henry to get rid of W

  significance:

  let to Henry losing trust in wolsey

  Henry relied on trust and loyalty so he saw this as a betrayal from Wolsey
• why did Wolsey fall from power- nobility

  disliked by nobles due to his lower class upbringing (dad was a butcher)

  significance:

  eventually led to his downfall as his enemies outsmarted him
• why did Wolsey fall from power- personality

  he was smart, eager and confident

  very loyal

  but had a luge ambition and lust for power

  significance:

  lust for power annoyed the nobles- turned them against him

  nobles tried to trick the king into believing he was trying to steal his throne
• why did Wolsey fall from power- Wolseys letters

  the lords and nobility forged a letter of Wolsey having private conversations with the pope

  significance:

  classed as treason as he was talking to one of the kings rivals