exogenic and endogenic processes

• What is the main focus of Module #8?

  Endogenic Process
• What does the Sea Floor Spreading Theory explain?

  The formation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges
• What geological feature is associated with sea floor spreading?

  Mid-ocean ridges
• What happens to magma when it reaches the ocean floor?

  It turns into new crust
• How does new crust formed at mid-ocean ridges affect the ocean floor?

  It moves away from the underwater mountains
• What does the new crust carry away from mid-ocean ridges?

  Secrets about the Earth's magnetic field
• Who was Harry Hess?

  A professor of geology at Princeton University
• What significant contribution did Harry Hess make to geology?

  He developed the Theory of Plate Tectonics
• What was the title of Hess's important paper?

  History of Ocean Basins
• What does the process of sea floor spreading involve?

  Molten rock coming up through mid-ocean ridges
• What happens to older sea floor during sea floor spreading?

  It is pushed into an ocean trench and melted
• How did Hess's theory address the movement of continents?

  Continents moved with the sea floor instead of plowing through it
• What evidence was needed to support Hess's theory in 1962?

  More evidence to prove sea floor spreading
• What did the Vine-Matthew's explanation contribute to sea floor spreading?

  It provided evidence through magnetic striping of the sea floor
• What does magnetic striping indicate about the Earth's magnetic field?

  It has changed and switched from north to south
• What did scientists find when conducting dating studies around mid-ocean ridges?


  Rocks get older as you move further away from the ridge
• What was the last piece of evidence needed to fully prove Hess's theory?

  Improvement in seismic data confirming oceanic crust sinking
• How was Hess's theory received before his death in 1969?

  It was widely accepted
• What processes are involved in the changes of rocks due to endogenic processes?

  Weathering, erosion, and gravity
• What role do sonar tests play in geology?

  They help map the sea floor
• What is the significance of Hess's hypothesis in geology?

  It contributed to the understanding of plate tectonics
• What is the recycling process in sea floor spreading?

  Older sea floor is pushed into trenches and melted
• How does sea floor spreading relate to continental movement?

  Continents move with the sea floor
• Why is seismic data important in geology?

  It confirms theories about oceanic crust behavior
• What is the main focus of Module #8?

  Endogenic processes, including rock changes, weathering, erosion, and gravity's effect on rocks.
• What does the continental drift theory propose?

  It suggests that Earth's continents were once joined in a supercontinent and have drifted apart.
• Who first proposed the continental drift theory?

  Alfred Wegener
• What is the first piece of evidence for the continental drift theory?

  The similarity between coastlines on opposite sides of the South Atlantic.
• How do the coastlines of South America and Africa support the continental drift theory?

  The shapes of their coastlines fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.
• What are fossils, and how do they relate to continental drift?

  Fossils are preserved remains of organisms that provide evidence of past life on separated land masses.
• What is one example of a fossil that supports the continental drift theory?

  Glossopteris
• Why is the presence of Glossopteris fossils significant?

  It indicates that continents like South Africa, Australia, India, and Antarctica were once connected.
• What type of fossils were found in South America and Africa?

  Freshwater fossils of Menosaurus and Lystosaurus.
• What geological evidence supports the continental drift theory regarding mountain ranges?

  Mountain belts that terminate at one coastline reappear on landmasses across the ocean.
• How do the Appalachian Mountains relate to the continental drift theory?

  They trend northeastward and match mountains in the British Isles and Scandinavia.
• What does Wegener's discovery of glacial till layers indicate?

  It suggests that ice sheets once covered extensive areas of the southern hemisphere.
• How does the current location of Antarctica relate to its past climate?

  Antarctica must have been positioned closer to the equator to support large quantities of life and coal deposits.
• What does the theory of plate tectonics state?

  The Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates that move over the asthenosphere.
• Who proposed the idea of convection currents in the mantle?

  Arthur Holmes
• What happens at convergent boundaries?

  Two tectonic plates collide, and one may be subducted beneath the other.