EXOGENIC AND ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

• What are exogenic processes?

  Processes that occur on Earth's surface
• What is weathering?

  Breaking down rocks into smaller sediments
• What are the two types of weathering?

  • Mechanical weathering
  • Chemical weathering
• How does mechanical weathering occur?

  Rocks break down without changing composition
• What is frost wedging?

  Breaking rocks due to freezing and thawing cycles
• What causes frost wedging?

  Expansion of water as it freezes
• How does heating and cooling affect rocks?

  Causes rocks to expand and contract, leading to fractures
• What happens to rocks in highways due to heat?

  They develop cracks and small fractures
• What is salt crystal growth?

  Growth of salt crystals in rock crevices
• Where does salt crystal growth commonly occur?

  In rocky shorelines and arid regions
• How do biological activities contribute to weathering?

  Organisms reduce rock size, making them susceptible
• What is chemical weathering?

  Change of rock materials into different substances
• What are some agents of chemical weathering?

  Water, strong acids, and oxygen
• What is dissolution in weathering?

  Solid dissolves in liquid, forming ions
• What is hydrolysis in weathering?

  Water reacts with minerals to form new minerals
• What is oxidation in weathering?

  Oxygen combines with minerals to form new minerals
• What role does iron play in chemical weathering?

  It is essential and abundant in certain minerals
• What is erosion?

  Recycling of Earth's materials under the rock cycle
• What are erosional forces?

  Wind and water that carry sediments
• How does water erosion work?

  Water carries sediments to different bodies of water
• How does wind erosion work?

  Wind carries light materials like small rocks
• What is mass wasting?

  Movement of sediments due mainly to gravity
• How does mass wasting differ from erosion?

  Mass wasting doesn't need a transporting medium
• What are the categories of mass wasting?

  • Rate of movement (rapid or slow)
  • Type of movement (falling, sliding, flowing)
  • Type of material (rock, soil, debris)
• What is sedimentation?

  Process of deposition of transported sediments
• What is magma?

  Molten rock material from mantle and crust
• What components does magma contain?

  Liquids, gases, crystals, and rock fragments
• What is magmatism?

  Occurs along plate boundaries or within plates
• What causes cracks in Earth's crust?

  Result of plate boundaries and magmatism
• What are the types of volcanism?

  • Divergent
  • Convergent
  • Transform
• What is volcanism?

  Magma rises to the Earth's surface as lava
• How can volcanism be viewed from a human perspective?

  As a destructive event causing damage
• What is a volcano?

  Hill or mountain where lava erupts
• Where can volcanoes form?

  Along plate boundaries or within the plate
• How does divergent volcanism manifest?

  As ridges or fissures from decompression melting
• What characterizes convergent volcanism?

  Hosts many volcanoes formed by subduction melting
• What are geological hotspots?

  Areas near or on plate boundaries
• How do lava flows behave?

  They move slowly and follow low areas
• What happens to the upper surfaces of lava flows?

  They cool faster than the remaining melt
• What are the two types of lava?

  Pahoehoe lava and Aa lava