INDUSTRIAL

• what happened in the industrial revolution?

  technology advanced rapidly

  population more than doubled

  cities became overcrowded and disease-ridden
• what is the enlightenment?

  a movement in europe in the 1700s which promoted the idea that people could think for themselves without control from the authorities such as the church
• industrial causes

  spontaneous generation

  germ theory

  miasma
• what was spontaneous generation?

  a new theory developed in the early 1700s which said microbes were created by decaying matter
• what was germ theory?

  the theory that proved spontaneous generation wrong

  something in the air caused decay
• why did germ theory have no impact?

  spontaneous generation was still promoted by influential doctors

  Pasteur wasn't a doctor and his work was focused on food

  doctors observed bacteria all over the body, even in healthy people, so it seemed impossible that they could cause disease

  Pasteur hadn't been able to identify the specific germs that caused different diseases, germ theory seemed to have little practical use in treating disease
• who came up with germ theory

  louis pasteur
• who was robert koch

  a german scientist who supported germ theory
• what did robert koch do?

  identified the different microbes that caused disease.

  discovered the microbes that caused anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera

  koch made it easier for other scientists to study bacteria because of his method involving microscopes
• who made the microscope?

  robert hooke
• industrial treatments


  hospitals

  surgery

  herbal remedies

  patent medicines
• what did florence nightingale do

  introduced the pavillion plan

  founded the 'nightingale school for nurses'
• what did the pavillion plan involve


  opening windows for ventilation

  putting different diseases on different wards
• what were the 3 problems with surgery

  bleeding

  pain

  infection
• how did they fix the problem of pain in surgerys

  anaesthetic - chloroform
• who discovered chloroform as an anaesthetic

  james simpson
• who endorsed chloroform

  queen victoria - used in childbirth
• what were the problems with chloroform

  an overdose could kill the patient

  it sometimes affected the heart causing people to die

  with such an effective anaesthetic doctors began to attempt more complex surgeries, meaning that infection and bleeding became bigger problems

  many thought that pain relief interfered with God's plan because procedures like childbirth were meant to be painful
• how did they fix the problem of infection in surgery

  antiseptics - carbolic acid
• who discovered carbolic acid?

  joseph lister
• what happened before the invention of antiseptics

  patients would survive surgery but die afterward from infections like gangrene and sepsis
• what were the problems with anti septics?


  science behind them wasn't understood

  lister focused on getting people to use carbolic acid rather than trying to prove why it worked

  carbolic acid dried out the skin - surgeons found it uncomfortable because it made their hands sore
• what were aseptic methods

  methods to remove all germs from operating theatres before surgery
• give examples of aseptic methods

  surgical instruments were steam sterilised

  operating theatres were cleaned

  gloves, gowns and masks were worn by surgeons
• industrial preventions

  inoculation

  vaccines

  public health
• what is inoculation

  giving people a full dose of a disease
• why was inoculation risky


  the inoculated person could get really ill and die from the disease

  they could pass on the disease to others
• what are vaccines?


  giving people a controlled dose of a disease to build resistance
• who invented vaccines


  edward jenner
• what gave jenner the idea to do vaccines


  he saw that the dairy maids who had already had cowpox did not catch smallpox
• who did jenner test his smallpox vaccination on

  james phipps
• why was vaccination safer than inoculation


  it used a controlled dose and the vaccinated person couldn't spread the disease
• who opposed vaccinations

  the church

  inoculators

  royal society
• why did the church oppose vaccinations

  the church felt using animal infection in human trials was unnatural
• why did inoculators oppose vaccinations?

  they lost money
• why did the royal society oppose vaccinations

  jenner was a country doctor not a famous london doctor

  many didnt believe him
• when was the smallpox vaccine made compulsory

  1852

  properly enforced in 1872
• could jenner explain vaccinations?

  no
• what type of attitude did the government have before 1800

  laissez-faire
• why did the first public health act fail

  not compulsory so most councils didnt act