ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• 2 major control systems of the body

  • endocrine system
  • nervous system
• two important structures for integrating the nervous system and the endocrine system

  • pituitary gland
  • hypothalamus
• pituitary gland 


  produce and release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions, including: growth. metabolism
• the pituitary gland secretes 9 major hormones that regulate numerous body functions

  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • oxytocin
  • growth hormone (GH)
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • prolactin
• the hypothalamus regulates the secretory activity of your pituitary gland in response to other hormones likes sensory information and as well as your emotions.
• Pituitary gland is divided into two lobes/division: anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
• pituitary stalk is known as the infundibulum; it is the connection of the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
• posterior pituitary gland


  is called the neurohypophysis because it is continuous with the hypothalamus in the brain
• The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones called neuropeptides.
• The anterior pituitary gland develops an outpocketing of the roof of the embryonic oral cavity called the pituitary diverticulum, or Rathke pouch.
• growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)


  small peptide that stimulates the reaction or the secretion of the growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
• growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)


  is a small peptide that inhibits growth hormone secretion
• antidiuretic hormone (ADH)


  • a water conservation hormone
  • also known as vasopressin because it also constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure when large amounts are released
• antidiuretic hormone (ADH)


  Hormones that help the blood vessel to constrict and to help the kidney to control the amount of water and salt in the body.
• diuresis


  increase or excessive production of urine.
• oxytocin


  An important reproductive hormone, synthesized by the hypothalamic neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the paraventricular nuclei. 
• Oxytocin is transported through axons to the posterior pituitary, where it is stored in the axon terminals.
• oxytocin stimulates labor in pregnant mammals.
• oxytocin is responsible for milk (breastfeeding, and other lactating mammals)
• oxytocin is known as the love hormone / cuddle hormone
• Low oxytocin levels have been linked to symptoms of depression, including postpartum depression
• happy hormones

  • oxytocin
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
• growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin


  stimulates growth in most tissues and plays an important role in determining how tall a person becomes.
• acromegaly 


  • Body releases too much growth hormone. It causes the body to get bigger.
  • Develops in adults
• gigantism 


  develops in children and teenagers
• growth hormone deficiency (dwarfism)


  insufficient amount of growth hormone
• prolactin


  Plays an important role in milk production by the mammary glands of lactating females.
• Common situations that increases prolactin:

  • Physical stress
  • Eating too much
  • Injury in the chest area
• prolactin test measure (PRL)


  measure to test the level of prolactin in the blood
• why is breast milk not coming?

  excessive blood loss (more than 500 mL/17.6 fl oz) during birth)
• thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)


  • stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland
  • also known as thyrotropin
• TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) 


  Stimulates the thyrotropin cells in the anterior pituitary to release your TSH