cardiovascular

• What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?


  Deliver blood and remove wastes
• What are the two main circuits of the cardiovascular system?

  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Systemic circulation
• What is the role of pulmonary circulation?

  Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• What is the role of systemic circulation?

  Pumps oxygenated blood to body cells
• What can brief disruption to blood supply cause?

  Cell ischemia
• What happens if blood supply is disrupted for too long?

  It leads to infarction or necrosis
• What are the fetal structures involved in circulation?

  • Ductus venosus
  • Foramen ovale
  • Ductus arteriosus
• What is the function of the ductus venosus?

  Bypasses the liver for nutrient-rich blood
• What does the foramen ovale do?

  Allows blood flow from right to left atrium
• What is the role of the ductus arteriosus?

  Diverts blood from the pulmonary trunk to aorta
• What happens to fetal vessels at birth?

  They close due to pressure changes
• Where is the heart located?

  In the mediastinum
• What are the three layers of the heart wall?

  Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
• What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

  Prevents the heart from overfilling
• What is the role of the serous pericardium?

  Reduces friction as the heart beats
• What is coronary circulation?

  Supplies myocardium with oxygenated blood
• What are the first branches of the aorta?

  Left and right coronary arteries
• What happens during myocardial ischemia?

  Blood supply to the heart is disrupted
• What is the middle layer of the heart called?

  Myocardium
• What are cardiomyocytes?

  Specialized cells that make up the myocardium
• What is the property of autorhythmicity?

  Ability to generate electrical impulses automatically
• What are the components of the cardiac conduction system?

  • Sino-atrial (SA) node
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node
  • Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
  • Left and right bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibres
• What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

  Sino-atrial (SA) node
• What happens if part of the conduction system is diseased?

  The next fastest pacemaker takes over
• What is the role of the endocardium?

  Ensures smooth blood flow through chambers
• What prevents backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction?

  Atrioventricular valves close
• What is the function of papillary muscles?

  Prevent regurgitation during contraction
• What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

  1. Atrial systole
  2. Ventricular systole
  3. Diastole
• What is stroke volume?

  Amount of blood pumped per contraction
• What is cardiac output?

  Volume of blood pumped per minute
• What electrolytes are vital for heart function?

  Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺
• What does the T wave represent in an ECG?

  Heart relaxation and repolarization
• What is cardiac arrest?

  Sudden cessation of cardiac output
• What are the auscultation sites for heart sounds?

  • Aortic valve: right 2nd intercostal space
  • Pulmonary valve: left 2nd intercostal space
  • Tricuspid valve: left 4th intercostal space
  • Mitral valve: left 5th intercostal space
• What does S1 and S2 represent in heart sounds?

  S1 is ventricular systole; S2 is diastole
• What is stenosis in heart valves?

  Restricted blood flow through the valve
• What is regurgitation in heart valves?

  Valve does not close tightly
• What is the significance of auscultation in cardiovascular assessment?

  Helps identify heart sounds and abnormalities
• What is the role of the fibrous skeleton in the heart?

  Provides structural support and electrical insulation
• What happens during ventricular systole?

  Ventricles contract and eject blood