Response to exercise

• What initiates the neural reaction to a stimulus?

  Exercise starts
• How are signals sent to the brain during exercise?

  Via sensory neurons
• What role does the medulla play in exercise?

  Processes information
• What is sent via motor neurons after the medulla processes information?

  Action potential
• Where does the action potential travel to after motor neurons?

  Neuromuscular junction
• What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

  Acetylcholine
• What happens when the impulse reaches the muscle fiber?

  Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
• What is the effect of exercise on breathing rate?

  Increases breathing rate
• What happens to arterioles during exercise?

  Vasodilate allowing blood to muscles
• What is the role of arterioles in blood flow during exercise?

  Vasoconstrict to stop blood to organs
• How does oxygen move during exercise?

  Diffuses from hemoglobin to mitochondria
• What happens to carbon dioxide during exercise?

  Diffuses into plasma
• What vessels take blood back to the heart?

  Venules/Veins
• What is the pathway of venous return?

  In vena cava
• What are the steps in the pathway of responses to exercise?

  1. Muscle contraction
  2. Calcium hits troponin
  3. Binding site opens for myosin
  4. ATPase splits ATP for energy
  5. Power stroke occurs for contraction
  6. Process repeats until impulse stops
  7. Calcium release ends contraction
• What happens when calcium hits troponin?

  Changes shape of tropomyosin
• What occurs after the binding site opens for myosin?

  Myosin attaches crossbridge
• What does ATPase do during muscle contraction?

  Causes ATP splitting to release energy
• What is the result of the power stroke in muscle contraction?

  Makes muscle contraction occur
• What happens when the impulse stops at the neuromuscular junction?

  Calcium is released from troponin
• What do osteoblasts do during weight-bearing activity?

  Increase activity to build new bone
• How do osteocytes contribute to bone health?

  Instruct osteoclasts to clean old bone
• What is the role of osteocytes in bone remodeling?

  Help osteoblasts use calcium to build bone
• What is bone remodeling?

  Ongoing process throughout life
• What are the responses of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to exercise?

  1. Continuous contractions produce CO2
  2. Chemoreceptors detect CO2 levels
  3. Signals medulla to increase breathing rate/depth
  4. Medulla signals sinoatrial node to increase heart rate
  5. Impulse travels down atrioventricular node to contract heart
• What do chemoreceptors detect during exercise?

  CO2 levels
• What does the medulla signal to the diaphragm during exercise?

  To increase breathing rate/depth
• What does the medulla signal to the sinoatrial node?

  To increase heart rate
• What happens after the impulse travels down the atrioventricular node?

  Heart contracts
• What are the classifications of joints?

  • Axial
  • Appendicular
• What are the types of joints?

  • Plane
  • Hinge
  • Ball-and-socket
  • Pivot
• What is the relationship between antagonist and contraction?

  • Antagonist muscles oppose each other
  • One contracts while the other relaxes