Epidemiology

• Who is known as the 'Father' of Epidemiology?

  John Snow
• What was the hypothesis tested by John Snow regarding cholera?

  Cholera was linked to contaminated water
• What are the main focuses of Epidemiology?

  • Factors affecting health and disease
  • Occurrence and distribution of health-related events
  • Observing populations during outbreaks
  • Studying epidemics and their frequency
• What does the term 'endemic' refer to in Epidemiology?

  Diseases regularly found in a certain area
• What is an epidemic?

  Occurrence of diseases at greater frequencies
• What is a pandemic?

  Widespread outbreak of a disease
• What are the 5 W's of Epidemiology?

  • What: Health event definition
  • Who: Affected population
  • Where: Place of occurrence
  • When: Time of occurrence
  • Why: Causes and risk factors
• How do epidemiologists measure health events?

  By studying sick and well people
• How is the infant mortality rate calculated?

  Deaths under 1 / live births
• What does incidence measure in Epidemiology?

  Risk of developing new conditions
• What is the formula for incidence?

  New cases / population at risk
• What is prevalence in Epidemiology?

  Existing cases at a given time
• What is point prevalence?

  Proportion of cases at a specific time
• What is period prevalence?

  Prevalence measured over a specified time
• How do prevalence and incidence differ?

  • Prevalence: All individuals affected
  • Incidence: New individuals contracting disease
• How is mortality typically expressed?

  Deaths per 1000 individuals per year
• What is the maternal mortality rate?

  Deaths due to childbearing per 100,000 live births
• What does the infant mortality rate measure?

  Deaths of children under 1 per 1000 live births
• What is the child mortality rate?

  Deaths of children under 5 per 1000 live births
• What is the standardised mortality rate (SMR)?

  Total deaths per 1000 people of a given age
• What are some uses of Epidemiology?

  • Identifying disease causes
  • Monitoring health in communities
  • Predicting health service needs
• Who established the link between smoking and lung cancer?

  Sir Richard Doll
• What was James Lind's contribution to Epidemiology?

  First RCT for scurvy treatment
• What is Pharmacoepidemiology?

  • Fusion of clinical pharmacology and epidemiology
  • Studies drug use and effects in populations
  • Monitors drug safety and compliance
• Why is Epidemiology vital for population health?

  Informs treatment decisions and service prioritization
• What is a key limitation of epidemiological data?

  It is only as good as the research
• What should be noted while watching Hans Rosling's presentation on HIV?

  • Delves into data
  • Avoids assumptions about patterns