chem2

• What are the four main topics discussed in the video?

  Cell biology, organization, infection, bioenergetics
• What are the two main types of cells?

  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Prokaryotic cells
• What types of cells are included in eukaryotic cells?

  Plant cells and animal cells
• What is a prokaryotic cell?

  A bacterial cell
• What type of microscope is mainly focused on at GCSE?

  Light microscopes
• What is the equation for magnification?

  Magnification = image size / actual size
• What is an advantage of light microscopes?

  They are easy to use and cheap
• What is a disadvantage of electron microscopes?

  They are expensive and complex to use
• What is a stem cell?

  An undifferentiated cell
• What do specialized cells do?

  They are adapted to perform specific functions
• What is mitosis?

  Cell division into two identical daughter cells
• Where does mitosis occur in plants?

  In the roots and shoots
• What are the three processes of transport in cells?

  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Active transport
• What is diffusion?

  Movement from high concentration to low concentration
• What is osmosis?

  Movement of water from high to low concentration
• What is active transport?

  Movement from low concentration to high concentration
• What is the organization of biological structures?

  • Cells make up tissues
  • Tissues make up organs
  • Organs make up organ systems
• What is the lock and key model related to?

  Enzyme activity
• Name three enzymes in the digestive system.

  Protease, carbohydrase, lipase
• What is the process of digestion?

  1. Mouth
  2. Esophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Small intestine
  5. Large intestine
  6. Rectum
• What are the four chambers of the heart?

  Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle
• What are the three main blood vessels?

  Artery, vein, capillary
• What does the xylem transport?

  Water from roots to the plant
• What does the phloem transport?

  Food up and down the plant
• What is a communicable disease?

  A disease that can spread between people
• How can communicable diseases be spread?

  Through air, direct contact, or water
• What are the four main types of pathogens?

  Bacteria, protists, fungi, virus
• What is one way to prevent disease spread?

  Washing hands regularly
• What are the three main lines of defense against disease?

  1. Physical barriers (skin, mucus)
  2. Phagocytosis by white blood cells
  3. Antibodies and memory cells from lymphocytes
• What is phagocytosis?

  A process where white blood cells engulf pathogens
• What do lymphocytes produce?

  Antibodies and memory cells
• How does a vaccine work?

  It stimulates the immune response to pathogens
• What is drug development?

  A process to ensure drug safety
• What are the phases of drug development?

  1. Preclinical testing
  2. Clinical trials
  3. Regulatory approval
• What is photosynthesis?

  The process by which plants make food
• What is the equation for photosynthesis?

  6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
• What are limiting factors in photosynthesis?

  Conditions that restrict the rate of photosynthesis
• What is aerobic respiration?

  Respiration that requires glucose and oxygen
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
• What is metabolism?

  The sum of all chemical reactions in the body