chem2

• What is the term for how quickly a reaction happens?

  Rate of reaction
• What is the general formula for calculating any rate?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• In the context of reaction rates, what quantities are often measured?

  Mass or volume of gas
• Why is the rate calculated over a period technically a mean rate?

  The rate could be changing over time
• What chemicals are reacted in the turbidity experiment described?

  Hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate
• What happens to the solution as the hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate reaction proceeds?

  It turns cloudy
• What term is used to describe the cloudiness increase in the hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate experiment?

  Increased turbidity
• What is measured to assess the rate of reaction in the turbidity experiment?

  Time taken for cross to disappear
• How does increasing the temperature affect the time taken for the cross to disappear in the turbidity experiment?

  Less time is taken
• What apparatus is used to measure the volume of gas produced in a reaction?

  A gas syringe
• On a graph showing the quantity of product against time, what indicates the reaction has finished?

  The curve levels out
• How do you find the rate of reaction at a specific point on a quantity-time graph?

  Draw a tangent at that point
• After drawing a tangent, how is the rate of reaction calculated from the graph?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• What three factors increase reaction rate by increasing the frequency of particle collisions?

  • Increasing the concentration of reactants in solution
  • Increasing the pressure of gas reactants
  • Increasing the surface area of solid reactants
• How does increasing temperature affect the rate of a reaction, beyond increasing collision frequency?

  Particles collide with more energy
• How does a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?

  It reduces the activation energy
• What is the key characteristic of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

  It is not used up
• What happens to the products in a reversible reaction?

  They can return to reactants
• What is a closed system in the context of chemical reactions?

  No particles or energy go in or out
• What defines equilibrium in a closed system regarding reaction rates?

  Forward and reverse rates are equal
• What is the state of quantities of reactants and products when a reaction reaches equilibrium?

  No more overall change
• What principle describes how a system at equilibrium responds to a change?

  Le Chatelier's principle
• In a reaction with more moles of gas on the reactant side, how does increasing pressure affect equilibrium?

  Favors the forward reaction
• What does "shifting the position of equilibrium to the right" mean?

  Greater proportion of products
• How does removing molecules from one side of the reaction affect the equilibrium?

  Shifts in that direction
• How does increasing the temperature affect an endothermic reaction at equilibrium?

  Favors the endothermic reaction
• What type of reaction is generally associated with the breaking down of one reactant?

  Endothermic
• In a reversible reaction, if the forward reaction is exothermic, what must the reverse reaction be?

  Endothermic
• What element forms the backbone of organic compounds?

  Carbon
• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Hydrocarbons
• What type of hydrocarbon is most abundant in crude oil?

  Alkanes
• What elements are alkanes made up of?

  Carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What type of bond joins the carbon atoms in alkanes?

  Single covalent bonds
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  $C_nH_{2n+2}$
• What suffix do all alkane names end with?

  -ane
• How many carbon atoms does 'meth-' represent in organic nomenclature?

  1
• How many carbon atoms does 'eth-' represent in organic nomenclature?

  2
• How many carbon atoms does 'prop-' represent in organic nomenclature?

  3
• How many carbon atoms does 'but-' represent in organic nomenclature?

  4
• How many carbon atoms does 'pent-' represent in organic nomenclature?

  5