Chem2

• What is the rate of reaction?

  How quickly a reaction happens
• How is the rate of reaction calculated?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• What can be measured to determine the rate of reaction?

  Mass or volume of gas produced
• What does increased turbidity indicate in a reaction?

  The solution becomes cloudy
• How can you measure the rate of reaction using hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate?

  Stop the timer when the cross disappears
• What happens to the rate of reaction at higher temperatures?

  It decreases the time taken for the reaction
• What does a graph of gas volume against time look like during a reaction?

  Starts steep, then levels out
• How do you find the rate at any time on a graph?

  Draw a tangent at that point
• What effect does increasing concentration have on reaction rate?

  Increases the frequency of collisions
• Why does increasing temperature increase reaction rate?

  Particles move faster and collide more energetically
• What is the role of a catalyst in a reaction?

  Reduces activation energy needed
• What is a reversible reaction?

  Products can revert to reactants
• What is the example of a reversible reaction mentioned?

  The Haber process
• What happens at equilibrium in a closed system?

  Rates of forward and reverse reactions equal
• What does Le Chatelier's principle state?

  System adjusts to counteract changes
• What happens if pressure is increased in a reaction with more moles on the left?

  Favors the forward reaction
• How does temperature affect endothermic and exothermic reactions?

  Higher temperature favors endothermic reactions
• What are organic compounds primarily made of?

  Carbon forming the backbone
• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Mostly hydrocarbons
• What do all alkane names end with?

  -ane
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C$_n$H$_{2n+2}$
• What is the first alkane in the series?

  Methane
• What is the purpose of fractional distillation of crude oil?

  To separate different length alkanes
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy
• What is LPG?

  Liquid petroleum gas
• What is produced during complete combustion of alkanes?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What is the relationship between viscosity and alkane chain length?

  Longer fractions are more viscous
• What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?

  Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond
• How can you test for an alkene?

  Add bromine water and observe color change
• What happens when an alkene reacts with bromine water?

  It turns colorless as bromine bonds
• What is produced when an alcohol is oxidized?

  A carboxylic acid
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  -COOH
• What is polymerization?

  Joining monomers to form polymers
• What is the name of the polymer made from ethene?

  Polyethene
• What is condensation polymerization?

  Joining two monomers with water produced
• What are amino acids?

  Building blocks of proteins
• What is DNA?

  Large molecule storing genetic code
• What is chromatography used for?

  Separating substances in a mixture
• How can purity be tested in substances?

  By measuring melting or boiling points
• What is a formulation?

  A mixture designed for a specific use