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BIO168 Molecular Genetics
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Created by
Malini Bhattacharya
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Cards (38)
What is the process of converting DNA to RNA called?
Transcription
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What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
DNA
and
RNA
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What is the role of proteins in biological processes?
They are required for biological processes
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What is an operon?
A
cluster
of genes
regulated
together
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How are genes organized in eukaryotes?
Each gene has its own
regulatory
elements
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What are exons and introns?
Exons code for
protein
; introns do not
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What is the role of RNA polymerase holoenzyme in transcription?
It
initiates
transcription
in
bacteria
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What is a transcription bubble?
A localized
unwinding
of DNA during transcription
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In which direction is RNA synthesized?
5’
to
3’
direction
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What drives RNA synthesis?
Energy from
hydrolysis
of
ribonucleoside triphosphates
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What is the function of the 5’ cap in mRNA?
Distinguishes
mRNA
from other
RNA
types
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When does capping begin during transcription?
When the transcript is ~
25
nucleotides
long
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What proteins are involved in the capping process?
Phosphatase
,
guanyl transferase
,
methyl transferase
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What is the role of the branch-point binding protein in splicing?
It recognizes
adenine
in the
intron
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What happens during the two transesterification reactions in splicing?
Intron
is removed as a
lariat
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What forms the exon junction complex (EJC)?
It marks successful splicing at
splice sites
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What are small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) involved in?
Recognizing
splice sites
and
catalyzing
reactions
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How many snRNAs and proteins are required for splicing?
5
snRNAs and ~
200
proteins
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What is alternative splicing?
A process that allows different
mRNA
variants from the same
gene
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What factors are involved in terminating eukaryotic transcription?
Cleavage stimulation factor
(CstF) and
CPSF
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What does polyadenylation involve?
Adding
150-250
adenine
nucleotides to the 3’ end
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What is the significance of gene expression analysis?
Different cell types express different
gene subsets
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What is Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) used for?
It is used in
transcriptomics
research
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What is the typical duration for Illumina NextSeq 550 sequencing?
11-30
hours
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How are transcriptomics reads analyzed?
They are aligned to the
genome
and counted
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What does counting aligned reads indicate?
Which
gene
is more highly
expressed
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What is the purpose of extracting RNA from cultures?
To prepare for
transcriptome
analysis
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What are different analyses performed on transcriptome data?
Differentially expressed
genes and
gene function
analysis
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How do proteins recognize promoter sequences?
By the
three-dimensional
shape of
DNA
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What determines protein binding at specific DNA sequences?
Chemical groups in the
major and minor grooves
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What happens to nucleotides during RNA processing?
They can be recycled or have
regulatory functions
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What is the significance of the 5’-5’ linkage in capping?
It connects the cap to the 5’ end of
mRNA
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What is the branch point sequence in splicing?
Typically
YNYYRAY
, located upstream of the
intron
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How far upstream is the branch point sequence typically located?
~18-40
nucleotides
upstream of the
intron
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What are the 2 methods of terminating transcription in prokaryotes?
Rho-dependent
and
Rho-independent
.
What happens in Rho-independent transcription?
Formation of a
hairpin loop
in the RNA
What happens in Rho-dependent transcription?
Rho protein helps the release the RNA transcript
What happens in the termination of transcription in eukaryotes?
RNA polymerase II
stops transcription at a
polyadenylation signal
, where the transcript is cleaved.
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