Transcription

    Cards (38)

    • What is the process of converting DNA to RNA called?
      Transcription
    • What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
      DNA and RNA
    • What is the role of proteins in biological processes?
      They are required for biological processes
    • What is an operon?
      A cluster of genes regulated together
    • How are genes organized in eukaryotes?
      Each gene has its own regulatory elements
    • What are exons and introns?
      Exons code for protein; introns do not
    • What is the role of RNA polymerase holoenzyme in transcription?
      It initiates transcription in bacteria
    • What is a transcription bubble?
      A localized unwinding of DNA during transcription
    • In which direction is RNA synthesized?
      5’ to 3’ direction
    • What drives RNA synthesis?
      Energy from hydrolysis of ribonucleoside triphosphates
    • What is the function of the 5’ cap in mRNA?
      Distinguishes mRNA from other RNA types
    • When does capping begin during transcription?
      When the transcript is ~25 nucleotides long
    • What proteins are involved in the capping process?
      Phosphatase, guanyl transferase, methyl transferase
    • What is the role of the branch-point binding protein in splicing?
      It recognizes adenine in the intron
    • What happens during the two transesterification reactions in splicing?
      Intron is removed as a lariat
    • What forms the exon junction complex (EJC)?
      It marks successful splicing at splice sites
    • What are small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) involved in?
      Recognizing splice sites and catalyzing reactions
    • How many snRNAs and proteins are required for splicing?
      5 snRNAs and ~200 proteins
    • What is alternative splicing?
      A process that allows different mRNA variants from the same gene
    • What factors are involved in terminating eukaryotic transcription?
      Cleavage stimulation factor (CstF) and CPSF
    • What does polyadenylation involve?
      Adding 150-250 adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end
    • What is the significance of gene expression analysis?
      Different cell types express different gene subsets
    • What is Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) used for?
      It is used in transcriptomics research
    • What is the typical duration for Illumina NextSeq 550 sequencing?
      11-30 hours
    • How are transcriptomics reads analyzed?
      They are aligned to the genome and counted
    • What does counting aligned reads indicate?
      Which gene is more highly expressed
    • What is the purpose of extracting RNA from cultures?
      To prepare for transcriptome analysis
    • What are different analyses performed on transcriptome data?
      Differentially expressed genes and gene function analysis
    • How do proteins recognize promoter sequences?
      By the three-dimensional shape of DNA
    • What determines protein binding at specific DNA sequences?
      Chemical groups in the major and minor grooves
    • What happens to nucleotides during RNA processing?
      They can be recycled or have regulatory functions
    • What is the significance of the 5’-5’ linkage in capping?
      It connects the cap to the 5’ end of mRNA
    • What is the branch point sequence in splicing?
      Typically YNYYRAY, located upstream of the intron
    • How far upstream is the branch point sequence typically located?
      ~18-40 nucleotides upstream of the intron
    • What are the 2 methods of terminating transcription in prokaryotes?
      Rho-dependent and Rho-independent.
    • What happens in Rho-independent transcription?
      Formation of a hairpin loop in the RNA
    • What happens in Rho-dependent transcription?
      Rho protein helps the release the RNA transcript
    • What happens in the termination of transcription in eukaryotes?
      RNA polymerase II stops transcription at a polyadenylation signal, where the transcript is cleaved.
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