A01

• van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg analysed 32 studies across eight countries to assess cultural variations in attachment. Secure attachment was most common overall, ranging from 75% in Britain to 50% in China. In individualist cultures, rates of insecure-resistant attachment were low, contrasting with collectivist cultures like China, Japan, and Israel, where rates exceeded 25%.Within-country variations were significant, with results being 150% greater than those between countries. 
• An Italian study found lower rates of secure attachment (50%) and higher rates of insecure-avoidant attachment (36%), possibly due to increasing maternal work and childcare usage showing attachment types vary in line with cultural change.
• A Korean study found proportions of attachment types similar to other countries, with secure attachment being the norm. However, more insecurely attached infants were resistant rather than avoidant, similar to patterns seen in Japan, suggesting cultural similarities in child-rearing practices.
• These studies support Bowlby's notion of attachment as innate and universal, yet highlight the influence of cultural practices on attachment types.