Biological components

• How are prokaryotic cells charged compared to eukaryotic cells?

  They are charged differently than eukaryotes
• What is the structure of DNA in prokaryotic cells?

  One molecule of supercoiled DNA
• Why is prokaryotic DNA more compact?

  It is supercoiled to make it compact
• How do prokaryotic cells compare in size to eukaryotic cells?

  They are smaller than eukaryotes
• What determines the size of prokaryotic cells in a solution?

  Rate at which they settle or form sediment
• What is the ribosome size in eukaryotic cells?

  80s
• What is the ribosome size in prokaryotic cells?

  70s
• What is the composition of prokaryotic cell walls?

  Made from peptidoglycan
• What is mucin?

  A complex polymer from amino acids and sugar
• How does the flagellum of prokaryotic cells compare to that of eukaryotic cells?

  Thinner than the equivalent structure of eukaryotes
• Where does the energy for prokaryotic flagellum come from?

  From chemiosmosis, not ATP
• How is the flagellum attached to the prokaryotic cell membrane?

  By a basal body rotated by a molecular motor
• What are the similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  • Nucleus: Prokaryotic - not present; Eukaryotic - present
  • DNA: Prokaryotic - circular; Eukaryotic - linear
  • DNA organization: Prokaryotic - not associated with histones; Eukaryotic - associated with histones
  • Organelles: Prokaryotic - non-membrane bound; Eukaryotic - membrane-bound
  • Cell wall: Prokaryotic - peptidoglycan; Eukaryotic - chitin (fungi), cellulose (plants)
  • Ribosomes: Prokaryotic - smaller (70s); Eukaryotic - larger (80s)
  • Cytoskeleton: Prokaryotic - present; Eukaryotic - present, more complex
  • Reproduction: Prokaryotic - binary fission; Eukaryotic - asexual or sexual
  • Cell type: Prokaryotic - unicellular; Eukaryotic - unicellular and multicellular
  • Cell surface membrane: Both present
• What type of reproduction do prokaryotic cells undergo?

  Binary fission
• What type of cell structure do prokaryotic cells have?

  Unicellular
• What type of cell structure do eukaryotic cells have?

  Unicellular and multicellular
• What is the composition of the cell wall in fungi and plants?

  Chitin in fungi, cellulose in plants
• What is the size of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

  Smaller, 70s
• What is the size of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

  Larger, 80s
• What is the cytoskeleton like in prokaryotic cells?

  Present but less complex
• What is the cytoskeleton like in eukaryotic cells?

  Present and more complex
• Is the cell surface membrane present in prokaryotic cells?

  Yes, it is present
• Is the cell surface membrane present in eukaryotic cells?

  Yes, it is present
• What houses nearly all the cell's genetic material?

  Nucleus
• What is a nucleotide used for?

  Makes RNA
• What does dermatitis consist of?

  DNA and proteins
• What are centrioles?

  Self-replicating organelles
• How many bundles of microtubules do centrioles have?

  Nine bundles
• What role do centrioles play in cell division?

  Help in organizing cell division
• Are centrioles membrane-bound?

  No, they are not membrane-bound
• What do motor proteins in centrioles do during spindle formation?

  Travel along tubulin pulling chromosomes apart
• What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  Involved in making lipids
• What types of substances does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize?

  Cholesterol, phospholipids, steroid hormones
• What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum composed of?

  Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
• What is the function of ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  Transports proteins made on attached ribosomes
• What happens to some proteins made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  They are secreted or placed on the cell membrane
• What does the nuclear envelope contain?

  Nuclear pores for molecule passage

  
• What is nucleoplasm?

  Fluid present in the nucleus

  
• What is the Golgi apparatus composed of?

  Stack of membrane-bound flattened sacs
• What does the Golgi apparatus do with proteins received from the RER?

  Modifies and packages them into vesicles