Surgery

• Who used chloroform as an anaesthetic?

  James Simpson
• What was a key advantage of chloroform over ether?

  Chloroform had no negative effects
• In what year did James Simpson use chloroform?

  1847
• Who used carbolic acid as an antiseptic during surgery?

  Joseph Lister
• What was the purpose of carbolic acid in surgery?

  To kill germs during surgery
• What happened before Queen Victoria used chloroform during childbirth?

  There was some opposition
• How did chloroform affect surgery?

  Made surgery less painful and allowed more time
• What was a major issue with surgery before germ theory?

  Surgeons did not understand infection problems
• What was the death rate impact of carbolic spray?

  It reduced the death rate of patients
• What were the limitations of surgery in the early 1800s?

  • No effective anaesthetics
  • High risk of infection
  • Blood loss was a major cause of death
• What anesthetics were experimented with in the early 1800s?

  Ether and Nitrous Oxide
• What did James Simpson discover about chloroform?

  It could be used as an anaesthetic
• What did Joseph Lister develop for surgery?

  A-Septic surgery
• How did antiseptics and anaesthetics change surgery by 1900?

  Allowed longer, more complex surgeries
• What risk remained in surgery despite advancements by 1900?

  The risk of blood loss
• What development in the 20th century resolved blood loss issues?

  Blood transfusions