Bio unit 2

• What is cellular respiration?

  A series of enzyme-controlled reactions
• What is the primary substrate used in cellular respiration?

  Glucose
• What is ATP?

  Adenosine triphosphate, an energy-carrying molecule
• How is energy released from ATP?

  By removing the end phosphate group
• What are the three main pathways in cellular respiration?

  Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
• Where does glycolysis occur?

  In the cytoplasm
• What is produced during glycolysis?

  2 pyruvate molecules
• What is the energy investment phase in glycolysis?

  It requires 2 molecules of ATP
• What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

  2 ATP molecules
• What role do dehydrogenase enzymes play in glycolysis?

  They remove hydrogen ions and electrons
• What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is present?

  It progresses to the citric acid cycle
• What are the two types of fermentation?

  Alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation
• What is produced during alcoholic fermentation?

  Ethanol and CO2
• What is the main product of lactate fermentation?

  Lactate
• Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

  In the matrix of the mitochondria
• What happens to pyruvate in the citric acid cycle?

  It is converted to acetyl coenzyme A
• What is the byproduct of the citric acid cycle?

  Carbon dioxide
• What is the role of NAD in cellular respiration?

  It carries hydrogen ions and electrons
• What is the electron transport chain?

  A series of carrier proteins in mitochondria
• What is the function of ATP synthase protein in the electron transport chain?

  It allows hydrogen ions to flow through the protein, generating ATP
• What is metabolic rate?

  The energy used per unit time
• What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

  The metabolic rate at rest
• How can metabolic rate be measured?

  Through heat production or oxygen consumption
• How does body mass relate to metabolic rate?

  Greater mass generally means higher metabolic rate
• What are characteristics of organisms with high metabolic activity?

  Maintain high activity levels and need more food
• What are characteristics of organisms with low metabolic activity?

  More sedentary and require less food
• What systems are essential for oxygen delivery in vertebrates?

  The circulatory and respiratory systems
• What do arteries do?

  Carry blood away from the heart
• What are capillaries?

  The smallest blood vessels for exchange
• What do veins do?

  Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
• What type of circulatory system do birds and mammals have?

  A complete double circulatory system
• How many chambers are in a bird's or mammal's heart?

  Four chambers
• What is the advantage of a complete double circulatory system?

  No mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
• What type of circulatory system do amphibians and reptiles have?

  An incomplete double circulatory system
• How many chambers are in an amphibian's or reptile's heart?

  Three chambers
• What type of circulatory system do fish have?

  A single circulatory system
• How many chambers are in a fish's heart?

  One atrium and one ventricle
• What is the effect of a single circulatory system on blood oxygenation?

  It leads to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
• What abiotic factors can affect metabolism?

  pH, temperature, and salinity
• What are conformers?

  Organisms dependent on external environment changes