Bio unit 2

• What is the process of making new cells called?

  Cell division or mitosis
• What are chromosomes made of?

  DNA
• What does the term chromosome complement refer to?

  Characteristics number of chromosomes in a species
• What is the chromosome complement for humans?

  46
• What is the chromosome complement for a fruit fly?

  8
• What is the chromosome complement for an onion?

  16
• What is the chromosome complement for rice?

  24
• What is the chromosome complement for a cat?

  38
• What is the chromosome complement for a horse?

  66
• How are normal body cells described?

  As diploid
• What do diploid cells have?

  Two matching sets of chromosomes
• What are sex cells described as?

  Haploid
• What processes does mitosis provide new cells for?

  • Growth
  • Repair of damaged cells
  • Maintenance of diploid chromosome complement
• What are the stages of mitosis?

  1. Chromosomes not visible in undividing cell
  2. Chromosomes duplicate and become visible
  3. Chromosomes line up on the equator
  4. Spindle fibres pull chromatids apart
  5. Nuclear membrane forms and cytoplasm divides
  6. Two identical diploid daughter cells produced
• What holds chromatids together?

  Centromere
• What is the equator in cell division?

  Area where chromosomes line up
• What are spindle fibres?

  Structures that pull chromatids apart
• Why is it essential for new cells to have the correct chromosome complement?

  For proper growth and development
• Where can stem cells be obtained from?

  Embryos and tissue throughout life
• What are stem cells?

  Unspecialised cells that can divide
• What are potential uses of stem cells?

  • Grow new cells to replace damaged organs
  • Research disease development
  • Test new drugs for safety and effectiveness
• What does specialisation mean in cells?

  Cells have a specific shape for a job
• What type of cell is a red blood cell?

  Animal cell
• What type of cell is a motor neuron?

  Animal cell
• What type of cell is a root hair cell?

  Plant cell
• What type of cell is a guard cell?

  Plant cell
• How does the structure of a red blood cell relate to its function?

  Its shape allows oxygen transport
• How does the structure of a motor neuron relate to its function?

  Long axon transmits nerve impulses
• How does the structure of a root hair cell relate to its function?

  Large surface area absorbs water and minerals
• How does the structure of a guard cell relate to its function?

  Changes shape to control gas exchange
• What is the hierarchy of biological organization?

  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Systems
• How do specialized cells work together?

  • Form tissues
  • Tissues form organs
  • Organs form systems
• What is the primary function of the heart?

  To pump blood throughout the body
• What do coronary arteries supply to the heart muscle?

  Oxygen-rich blood
• What are the two types of blood cells mentioned?

  Red blood cells and white blood cells
• What is the role of phagocytes?

  To engulf and digest pathogens
• What do lymphocytes do?

  They identify and destroy pathogens
• What are the four parts of the heart mentioned?

  Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
• What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

  To carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• What is discrete variation?

  Variation that can be categorized into distinct groups