Bio unit 2

• What is the basic unit of living organisms?

  The cell
• Into what two main groups can cellular organisms be divided according to their cell structure?

  Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Which type of cells form the vast majority of living organisms?

  Eukaryotes
• What is the main characteristic of eukaryotes?

  Presence of a nucleus
• What does the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells contain?

  Many cell organelles
• Which cell organelle contains the genetic material, DNA?

  The nucleus
• What does the DNA in the nucleus determine?

  The development, structure, and function of the cell
• What is the nucleus bound by?

  A double membrane, the nuclear envelope
• What is the function of the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope?

  Allowing communication with the cytoplasm
• What is linear DNA associated with in the nucleus?

  Proteins called histones
• What else does the nucleus contain?

  One or more nucleoli (RNA)
• In a dividing cell, what form is the DNA and protein in?

  Chromosomes
• What is the role of the nucleus in protein synthesis?

  Controls protein synthesis
• How does the nucleus affect the development and function of a cell?

  By controlling protein synthesis
• What are ribosomes made up of?

  Protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• Where can ribosomes be present in the cytoplasm?

  Singly or attached to the RER
• What is the main function of ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis
• What process do ribosomes use to perform their function?

  Joining amino acids together
• What do flattened membrane sacs form in the cell?

  An internal transport system
• What is the name of the organelle made of flattened membrane sacs which form an internal transport system in the cell?

  Endoplasmic reticulum
• What is found on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

  Ribosomes
• What do ribosomes on the RER produce?

  Secretory proteins
• What happens to secretory proteins after they are produced by ribosomes on the RER?

  Sent to the Golgi apparatus
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in relation to secretory proteins?

  Modification and/or packaging
• What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lack?

  Ribosomes
• What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum involved in?

  Production and transport of lipids
• What does the Golgi apparatus consist of?

  Flattened, membrane sacs
• What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

  • Adds carbohydrates to proteins received from RER to form glycoproteins
  • Packages proteins/glycoproteins into Golgi vesicles for secretion
  • Produces lysosomes
• What do Golgi vesicles that are lysosomes release?

  Lysozymes (hydrolytic enzymes)
• In what type of cells is the Golgi apparatus abundant?

  Secretory cells
• What are lysosomes?

  Simple sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes
• What surrounds lysosomes?

  A single membrane
• Why must the enzymes within lysosomes be kept separate from the rest of the cell?

  Or they would destroy it
• By what organelle are lysosomes formed?

  The Golgi apparatus
• What are the functions of lysosomes?

  1. Digestion of material taken in by phagocytosis
  2. Digestion of non-functioning organelles within the cell
  3. Release of enzymes outside the cell
• What process forms vesicles that lysosomes fuse with during phagocytosis?

  Phagocytosis
• What do lysosomes release into the vesicles formed during phagocytosis?

  Hydrolytic enzymes
• What is the function of the hydrolytic enzymes released by lysosomes during phagocytosis?

  To digest the material inside
• What may be engulfed and digested within lysosomes?

  Non-functioning organelles
• When can the enzymes of lysosomes be released from the cell?

  Sometimes