Bio Unit 2

• Hazards involved with field work.


  Terrain.

  Weather.

  Isolation.
• Hazards with terrain.


  Refers to the lie of the land.

  Variations to terrain may include uneven surfaces, flat areas, hills and steep ground.
• Hazards with weather.


  Conditions can change very quickly.

  In extreme weather field work may have to be cancelled or postponed.

  Examples of extreme weather are;

  Sun exposure.

  Electrical storms.
• Hazards with isolation.


  Field work sites can be far from civilization, any medical help or transport links.
• Methods to sample slow moving organisms.

  Quadrat.
• Method to sample mobile species.


  Pitfall trap.

  Small mammal trap.

  Mist net.
• Method to sample elusive species.


  Sampled using cameras traps or indirect method such as dropping sampling.
• Sampling techniques.


  Point count.

  Remote detection.

  Scat sampling
• Point count.


  Used to sample bird population in a given area over a set period of time.

  Happens from a stationary point.
• Remote detection.


  Use of camera traps, which get triggered when wildlife is present.

  Allows more illusive species to be counted.
• Scat sampling.


  Animal droppings are collected in areas, providing info about species abundance, diet, dna and health.
• What is taxonomy.


  Grouping living organisms based on similarities and relatedness.
• What does taxonomy allow.


  Allows predictions to be made between the biology of an organism and better known organisms.
• What does genetic evidence reveal.


  Relatedness observed by divergent or convergent evolution.
• What are model organisms


  A model organism is a species that has been widely studied, usually because it is easy to maintain and breed in a laboratory setting and has particular experimental advantages.
• Examples of model organisms


  E.coli.
• What is an indicator specie.


  A species who's presence or absence gives indication of environmental qualities.
• Ethnics of marking methods.


  The method must not impact the species of study.
• What is an ethogram.

  A detailed list of all the behaviors sun in an particular species with clear descriptions of each behavior.
• 3 main methods of sampling.

  Occurrence sampling.

  Focal sampling.

  Scan sampling.
• Occurrence sampling.


  Note the number of times of a particular behavior occurring by all animals in the group.
• Focal sampling.


  Track one individual and note all behaviors.
• Scan sampling.


  Nothing what each animal is doing at a specific time interval.
• How to be objective.


  It is important not to anthropomorphize animal behaviors.
• What can help objectivity.


  Latency.

  Frequency.

  Duration
• What is latency.


  Time between stimulus and response.
• What is frequency.


  How often a behavior occurs.
• What is duration.


  The length of time a particular behavior lasts.
• What is evolution.


  Is the change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits
• What can evolution occur through.

  Genetic drift.

  Natural and sexual selection.
• What is genetic drift.


  Is a random change in how frequently a particular allele occurs within a population.
• Aspects of genetic drift.


  Occurs mainly in small populations due to isolation, as alleles are more likely to be lost from the gene pool.
• What is natural selection.


  Is a non random process whereby certain alleles are more frequently within a population because they confer a selective advantage.

  
  

  These alleles increase the chance that the individuals can complete and survive to pass the advantageous alleles to further generations.
• What is sexual selection.


  Is a mode of natural selection where typically members of one gender choose members of another gender.
• 2 ways of sexual selection.

  Intersexual selection.

  Intrasexual selection.
• What is intersexual selection.


  Refers to individuals being very selective about their choice of mate.

  
  

  Often males display behaviors to attract a female.
• What is intrasexual selection


  Selection between the same sex.

  Individuals compete with each other with ritualised displays of strength and stamina to warn of competitors or defend their mate.
• What is the main source of new allele in a population.

  Random mutations.
• What is absolute fitness.

  The ratio of frequencies of a particular genotype from one generation to the next.
• Relative fitness.


  The ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with others.