Bio unit 2

• What is the difference between tissue and organ?

  A tissue is one cell type; an organ has many.
• What is an organ system?

  A group of organs working together.
• What is the hierarchy of biological organization?

  Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.
• What do muscle cells form part of?

  Muscle tissue that contracts.
• How does the stomach contribute to digestion?

  It churns food and uses stomach acid.
• What does the liver produce?

  Bile that emulsifies fat.
• What is the function of the gallbladder?

  It stores bile produced by the liver.
• What is the role of the small intestine?

  Moves glucose and ions into the blood.
• What does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach?

  Kills bacteria and provides an environment for enzymes.
• What does lipase break down?

  Fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
• Where is lipase produced?

  In the pancreas and small intestine.
• What does protease break down?

  Proteins into amino acids.
• Where is protease produced?

  In the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
• What does amylase break down?

  Starch into sugars.
• Where is amylase produced?

  In saliva glands, pancreas, and small intestine.
• What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

  Formed when a substrate fits into an enzyme's active site.
• What happens to an enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction?

  It is unchanged and can be reused.
• How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

  Low temperatures reduce energy; high can denature enzymes.
• What is denaturation in enzymes?

  Destruction of bonds holding the enzyme together.
• How does pH affect enzyme activity?

  Extreme pH levels can denature enzymes.
• What is the function of the diaphragm in respiration?

  It moves up and down to bring air in and out.
• What is the role of alveoli in the respiratory system?

  Site of gas exchange with a large surface area.
• What is the cardiovascular system's function?

  Pumps blood throughout the body.
• What is the path of blood through the heart?

  Vena cava, atrium, ventricle, artery, vein.
• What is the difference between arteries and veins?

  Arteries carry oxygenated blood; veins carry deoxygenated blood.
• What is the function of valves in the heart?

  They ensure one-way blood flow.
• What happens when coronary arteries get blocked?

  It can lead to heart attacks due to oxygen restriction.
• What are the components of blood?

  Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, serum.
• What is the main function of red blood cells?

  To carry oxygen throughout the body.
• What are benign tumors?

  Slow-growing and generally harmless lumps.
• What are malignant tumors?

  Fast-growing and aggressive cancerous lumps.
• What are common risk factors for cancer?

  Smoking, poor diet, sun exposure, unprotected sex.
• What is the function of the palisade mesophyll in leaves?

  Site of photosynthesis in plants.
• What is transpiration?

  Movement of water vapor out of stomata.
• What factors affect the rate of transpiration?

  Light, temperature, wind, humidity.
• How does high humidity affect transpiration?

  It decreases transpiration rates.