Blood + circulatory system

• What are the components of blood?

  Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma
• What is the primary function of red blood cells?

  They carry oxygen and nutrients around the body
• What do white blood cells do?

  They fight against microorganisms
• What are the main types of white blood cells?

  Lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes
• What is the role of platelets in the blood?

  They cause blood clots to form
• What does von Willebrand factor do?

  It makes platelets sticky
• What is the function of plasma in the blood?

  It transports blood cells and nutrients
• How does blood help in thermoregulation?

  It transmits heat to the surface of the body
• What is the role of blood in waste transport?

  It transports waste to the kidneys
• How does blood contribute to immunity?

  It fights against microorganisms
• Where does haematopoiesis occur?

  Bone marrow, liver, and spleen
• What are the main structures of the circulatory system?

  Heart, lungs, capillaries, arteries, veins
• How does blood travel through the circulatory system?

  Bulk flow through arteries and veins, diffusion through capillaries
• What is the function of arterioles?

  They join arteries to capillary beds
• What is the role of venules?

  They join capillary beds to form veins
• What type of blood do arteries carry?

  Oxygenated blood
• What is the pressure condition in arteries?

  High pressure
• What is the structure of arteries?

  Endothelium, elastic tissue, thick muscle, collagen
• Why do arteries have a thick muscle layer?

  To withstand high pressure
• What is the lumen size in arteries?

  Narrow lumen
• What type of blood do veins carry?

  Deoxygenated blood
• What is the pressure condition in veins?

  Low pressure
• What is the structure of veins?

  Thin muscle layer, wide lumen, valves
• What is the function of valves in veins?

  To prevent backflow of blood
• What is the structure of capillaries?

  Single cell thick wall made of endothelium
• What type of blood do capillaries carry?

  Both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
• Why do capillaries have a narrow lumen?

  To decrease diffusion distance
• What is the purpose of increased resistance in capillaries?

  It slows the flow of blood
• What are the layers of arteries and veins?

  • Outer layer: sticks to the flesh
  • Middle layer: muscle
  • Inner layer: smooth for blood movement
• What are the similarities and differences between open and closed circulatory systems?

  Similarities:

  • Both have a heart
  • Both have oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

  
  

  Differences:

  • Closed: blood in vessels, high pressure
  • Open: blood in tissues, slower flow
• What type of circulatory system do fish have?

  Single, closed circulatory system
• What type of circulatory system do birds and mammals have?

  Double, closed circulatory system
• Where is the heart positioned in the body?

  Behind the elbow, left side
• What type of circulatory system do amphibians have?

  Double, closed circulatory system
• What type of circulatory system do invertebrates have?

  Open circulatory system
• How many atria and ventricles does the heart have?

  Two atria and two ventricles
• What happens when the right atrium is full of blood?

  Its walls contract, forcing blood into the right ventricle
• What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

  It allows blood to flow from right atrium to right ventricle
• What happens in the right ventricle?

  It pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary artery
• What is unusual about the pulmonary artery?

  It carries deoxygenated blood