endocrine

• What is the endocrine system made up of?

  Glands and hormones they secrete
• Which organs besides endocrine glands produce hormones?

  Brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidney
• What are the primary endocrine glands?

  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Islets of Langerhans
  • Adrenals
  • Ovaries (female) and Testes (male)
• What is the function of the endocrine system?

  Production and regulation of hormones
• What is a hormone?

  A chemical transmitter released from glands
• How do hormones function in the body?

  They transfer information between cells
• What can hypo or hyper secretion of hormones cause?

  It can be harmful to the body
• What do hormones regulate in the body?

  Growth, development, mood, metabolism
• How do the endocrine and nervous systems work together?

  To maintain homeostasis and balance
• What is the primary link between the endocrine and nervous systems?

  The hypothalamus
• What does the hypothalamus produce?

  Chemicals that stimulate or suppress hormones
• What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

  Anterior and posterior lobes
• What is the function of Growth Hormone (GH)?

  Essential for growth and development
• What does Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) do?

  Essential for growth of adrenal cortex
• What is the role of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

  Essential for thyroid gland growth
• What does Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulate?

  Growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production
• What does Luteinizing Hormone (LH) stimulate?

  Development of corpus luteum and testosterone production
• What does Prolactin (PRL) stimulate?

  Development of mammary glands and milk production
• What does Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) regulate?

  Skin pigmentation and melanin deposit
• What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) stimulate?

  Reabsorption of water by renal tubules
• What can result from hyposecretion of ADH?

  Diabetes insipidus
• What does Oxytocin stimulate?

  Uterine contractions during labor
• What is the shape and size of the pineal gland?

  Pine-cone-shaped and about 1 cm
• What does Melatonin communicate information about?

  Environmental lighting to the body
• What effect does Melatonin have on biological events?

  Affects sleep/awake cycles and gastric secretions
• What is the role of the thyroid gland?

  Regulates metabolism and metabolic processes
• What does Calcitonin influence?

  Bone and calcium metabolism
• What do Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) influence?

  Basal metabolic rate and development
• What can result from hypo secretion of T3 and T4?

  Cretinism, myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease
• What can result from hyper secretion of T3 and T4?

  Grave’s disease, goiter, Basedow’s disease
• Where are the parathyroid glands located?

  On the back side of the thyroid gland
• What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) play a role in?

  Metabolism of phosphorus
• What can result from too little PTH?

  Cramping
• What can result from too much PTH?

  Osteoporosis or kidney stones
• What are the islets of Langerhans?

  Clusters of cells in the pancreas
• What functions does the pancreas have?

  Both exocrine and endocrine functions
• What do alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans release?

  Glucagon to elevate blood sugar
• What do beta cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete?

  Insulin for normal blood sugar levels
• What happens with inadequate insulin levels?

  Results in diabetes mellitus
• What do delta cells in the islets of Langerhans release?

  Somatostatin to suppress glucagon and insulin