chem2

• What process is being illustrated in the images?

  The formation of sodium chloride through ionic bonding.

  
• What are the symbols of sodium and chlorine?

  $Na$ and $Cl$

  
• What are the charges of sodium and chlorine ions in sodium chloride?

  • $Na^+$ (sodium ion has a +1 charge)
  • $Cl^-$ (chloride ion has a -1 charge)

  
• How do sodium and chlorine atoms form an ionic bond?

  1. Sodium atom transfers one electron to the chlorine atom.
  2. This forms a $Na^+$ cation and $Cl^-$ anion.
  3. The opposite charges attract, creating an electrostatic force called an ionic bond.

  
• What type of bond is formed between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride?

  Ionic bond.

  
• Why is sodium classified as a cation in sodium chloride?

  Because it loses an electron and acquires a positive charge.

  
• Why is chlorine classified as an anion in sodium chloride?

  Because it gains an electron and acquires a negative charge.

  
• What is the overall charge of sodium chloride?

  • The overall charge is zero because the positive charge of $Na^+$ balances the negative charge of $Cl^-.$

  
• What are the two main types of chemical bonds illustrated?

  • Ionic Bonds
  • Covalent Bonds

  
• What is the main characteristic that distinguishes ionic bonds from covalent bonds?

  Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons

  
• Why do ionic bonds typically form between a metal and a nonmetal?

  Because metals have low electronegativity and lose electrons easily, while nonmetals have high electronegativity and readily gain electrons

  
• What happens to atoms during the formation of an ionic bond?

  • Metal atom loses electrons to become a positively charged cation
  • Nonmetal atom gains electrons to become a negatively charged anion
  • Opposite charges attract, forming an ionic bond

  
• What are the charges of the ions typically formed by metals and nonmetals in ionic bonds?

  Metals typically form positive cations, while nonmetals typically form negative anions

  
• How are covalent bonds different from ionic bonds in terms of electron behavior?

  • Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms
  • Two nonmetals form a covalent bond by sharing one or more pairs of electrons to achieve a stable outer shell

  
• Between which types of atoms do covalent bonds typically form?

  Covalent bonds typically form between two nonmetals or between a nonmetal and a metalloid

  
• Why are covalent bonds common among nonmetals?

  Because nonmetals have high electronegativity, making it favorable to share electrons to achieve a stable outer shell

  
• What factors determine whether a chemical bond is ionic or covalent?

  • Electronegativity difference between the atoms involved
  • Type of atoms (metal vs. nonmetal)
  • Preference for electron transfer vs. sharing

  
• What are ionic substances formed from?

  Metals losing electrons to non-metals
• What holds ions together in ionic substances?

  Strong electrostatic forces called ionic bonds
• What is a common example of an ionic substance?

  Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl)
• What happens to sodium when it forms an ionic bond with chlorine?

  Sodium loses one electron to chlorine
• What type of ions are formed when sodium and chlorine react?

  Na⁺ (positive) and Cl⁻ (negative) ions
• What is the result of the electrostatic attraction between Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions?

  Formation of an ionic bond
• What are the properties of ionic substances?

  • High melting points
  • Brittle
  • Conduct electricity when molten or dissolved
• What is the melting point characteristic of ionic substances?

  High melting points
• Why are ionic substances brittle?

  Ion layers can slide and fracture under stress
• When do ionic substances conduct electricity?

  When molten or dissolved in water