akenes

• What type of hydrocarbons are alkenes?

  Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  $C_nH_{2n}$
• What does the general formula for alkenes apply to?

  Compounds with one double bond
• What type of reactions do alkenes undergo?

  Addition reactions
• What is the structural formula for ethene?

  • Ethene: $CH_2=$$CH_2$
• What is the structural formula for buta-1,3-diene?

  • Buta-1,3-diene: $CH_2=$$CH-CH=$$CH_2$
• Why are double bonds in alkenes reactive?

  They have high electron density
• What are cycloalkenes?

  Cyclic alkenes with two fewer hydrogens
• What is an electrophile?

  An electron pair acceptor
• What do curly arrows represent in reaction mechanisms?

  Movement of electrons
• What happens when bromine water is added to an alkene?

  It decolorizes from brown to colorless
• What is formed when bromine adds to an alkene?

  Di-bromoalkane
• What is a carbocation?

  A positively charged carbon intermediate
• How does the stability of a carbocation affect product formation?

  More stable carbocations lead to major products
• What are the types of carbocations based on stability?

  • Primary: 1 alkyl group
  • Secondary: 2 alkyl groups
  • Tertiary: 3 alkyl groups
• What product is formed when HBr reacts with propene?

  Bromo-propane
• What is the role of sulfuric acid in alkene reactions?

  It acts as a catalyst
• What is the formula for sulfuric acid?

  H₂SO₄
• What is the mechanism for the reaction of alkenes with sulfuric acid?

  1. Alkene reacts with sulfuric acid
  2. Forms alkyl hydrogen sulfate intermediate
  3. Intermediate can convert to alcohol
• What is the product formed when alkenes react with cold concentrated sulfuric acid?

  Alkyl hydrogen sulfates
• What role does sulfuric acid play in the reaction with alkenes?

  It acts as a catalyst
• What is produced when alkyl hydrogen sulfate is hydrolyzed with cold water?

  Ethanol
• What does hydrolysis mean in the context of this reaction?

  Breaking a bond using water
• What are the steps involved in converting an alkene to an alcohol using sulfuric acid?

  1. Alkene reacts with sulfuric acid to form alkyl hydrogen sulfate.
  2. Alkyl hydrogen sulfate is hydrolyzed with cold water to form alcohol.
  3. Sulfuric acid is reformed in the process.
• What is the intermediate formed during the reaction of alkenes with sulfuric acid?

  Alkyl hydrogen sulfate
• How does the structure of alkyl hydrogen sulfate relate to its formation?

  It contains a sulfate group and a hydrogen
• What is the significance of using cold water in the hydrolysis of alkyl hydrogen sulfate?

  It ensures the formation of ethanol
• What are the types of products formed when asymmetric alkenes react with sulfuric acid?

  • Major product
  • Minor product
• What are alkenes classified as in the context of polymer production?

  Monomers
• What is the process of addition polymerization?

  • Joining monomers to form polymers
  • Involves breaking double bonds in alkenes
• What is the impact of adding chemicals to natural rubber?

  It makes it harder wearing
• How do the properties of polymers change with the addition of plasticizers?

  They become more flexible
• What is PVC commonly used for?

  Drain pipes
• What happens to the intermolecular forces in polymers with longer chains?

  They have higher melting points
• What effect does branching have on polymer chains?

  It makes them more flexible and weaker
• What type of forces are present in most polyalkene chains?

  Van der Waals forces
• What is the environmental concern regarding polyalkenes?

  They are difficult to degrade in landfill
• What are the properties of PVC when plasticizers are added?

  • Becomes more flexible
  • Ideal for clothing and wiring
• What is the significance of the repeat unit in polymers?

  It indicates the structure of the polymer
• How do polar bonds affect the properties of polymers like PVC?

  They create stronger dipole-dipole interactions