The Psychodynamic Approach

• What year was the Thieves Study conducted?

  1944
• What was the age range of participants in the Thieves Study?

  • 5 to 17 years
• How many thieves were in the study?

  22 Grade IV thieves
• How many Grade 1 thieves were in the study?

  4 Grade 1 thieves
• What was the average IQ of the thieves?

  27
• How many thieves had a higher IQ?

  15
• How many thieves had a lower IQ?

  2
• What was the control group in the Thieves Study?

  • 44 similar age, IQ, sex
  • Emotionally disturbed but didn't steal
• What were the procedures followed in the Thieves Study?

  1. Mental tests by a psychologist
  2. Emotional attitude noted
  3. Interview with child's mother
  4. Report to Bowlby
  5. Interview by Bowlby
  6. Review of reports
  7. Weekly meetings with psychiatrist
  8. Mothers discussed problems
• What did Bowlby conclude about relationship development and offending?

  Inhibiting factors affect likelihood of offending
• What factors are linked to juvenile crime according to the study?

  Poverty, lack of activities, poor housing
• What is suggested for treatment of delinquents?

  Early diagnosis improves treatment outcomes
• What is emphasized regarding the separation of mother and child?

  Awareness of potential damage is crucial
• What ethical issues were present in the Thieves Study?

  • Lack of confidentiality
  • Valid consent concerns
  • Children not informed about research
• How did Bowlby compromise participant confidentiality?

  Used first names and initials
• What was the age range of Bowlby's participants?

  5 to 17 years
• What was a significant change in parental leave mentioned?

  Parents can share 52 weeks of leave
• What financial implications does childcare have?

  Costs can deter parents from working
• What scheme was introduced to help with childcare costs?

  Tax relief on childcare costs
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Thieves Study methodology?

  Strengths:

  • Rich qualitative data
  • Detailed case histories

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Relies on parents' recollections
  • Lacks population validity
• What is a weakness regarding the accuracy of recollections in the study?

  Memories may be distorted over time
• How does the case study design affect external validity?

  Results cannot be generalized to all children
• What is a limitation of the procedures used in the study?

  No cause-effect relationship established
• What does the lack of variable manipulation threaten?

  Internal validity of the study
• Who conducted the study on language and memory in 1974?

  Certus and Palmer
• What was the main focus of Certus and Palmer's study?

  The interaction between language and memory
• What type of design was used in the experiment?

  Independent measures design
• What was the independent variable in the study?

  The verb used in the questions
• How many participants were involved in Experiment 1?

  45 participants
• What were participants shown in Experiment 1?

  Seven films of traffic accidents
• What was the critical question asked in Experiment 2?

  Did you see any broken glass?
• What was the mean speed estimate for the verb "smashed" in Experiment 1?

  40.8 mph
• What did Loftus and Palmer conclude about memory?

  Memory can be altered by language
• What are the ethical issues raised in the study?

  • Deception of participants
  • Lack of fully informed consent
  • Potential changes in participants' reactions
• What social implications were discussed regarding the study?

  Benefits for society and compensation issues
• What was the mean speed estimate for the verb "contacted"?

  31.8 mph
• How did the order of the films affect the results?

  It may have impacted participants' responses
• How many participants were shown the clip of the multiple car crash in Experiment 2?

  150 participants
• What was the purpose of asking participants about the speed of the cars?

  To assess the influence of language on memory
• What was the difference in responses between those asked "smashed" and "hit" regarding broken glass?

  More "smashed" participants reported seeing glass