Adaptations for transport in animals

• What are the features of a transport system in animals?

  Medium, pump, and valves
• What is the role of a pump in a transport system?

  To move the blood throughout the body
• Why are valves important in a transport system?

  They maintain the flow in one direction
• What is a respiratory pigment?

  A substance that increases oxygen transport
• Which animals have respiratory pigments?

  Vertebrates and some invertebrates
• What is the difference between open and closed circulatory systems?

  Open systems bathe tissues directly
• How does blood move in an open circulatory system?

  It bathes tissues in a haemocoel
• What type of circulatory system do insects have?

  Open circulatory system
• How does the heart of an insect function?

  It pumps blood at low pressure into the haemocoel
• What is the role of tracheoles in insects?

  They allow oxygen to diffuse directly to tissues
• What characterizes a closed circulatory system?

  Blood moves in blood vessels
• What is single circulation?

  Blood passes through the heart once per circuit
• How does blood circulate in fish?

  Deoxygenated blood goes to gills, oxygenated blood to tissues
• What is the function of the ventricle in fish?

  Pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills
• What is the definition of single circulation?

  Blood passes through the heart once in each circuit
• What are the characteristics of the earthworm's circulatory system?

  • Blood moves forward in the dorsal vessel
  • Blood moves back in the ventral vessel
  • Five pairs of pseudohearts pump blood
• What is the structure of blood vessels?

  Arteries, veins, and capillaries
• What is the innermost layer of blood vessels called?

  Tunica intima
• What is the function of the tunica media?

  Regulates blood flow and pressure
• How do arteries differ from veins?

  Arteries have thicker walls than veins
• What is the role of elastic fibers in arteries?

  Allow stretching to accommodate blood flow
• How do capillaries facilitate material exchange?

  They allow slow blood flow for exchange
• What is the function of veins?

  Return blood to the heart
• How do veins prevent backflow of blood?

  They have semi-lunar valves
• What are the structural differences between arteries and veins?

  Arteries have thicker walls and no valves
• What are the key differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries?

  • Arteries: Thick walls, high pressure, no valves
  • Veins: Thinner walls, lower pressure, valves present
  • Capillaries: Thin walls, facilitate exchange
• What is the role of the heart in circulation?

  Pumps blood throughout the body
• How does the heart's structure support its function?

  It has two pumps for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
• What type of muscle makes up the heart?

  Cardiac muscle
• How is heart rate regulated?

  By nervous and hormonal signals
• What is the function of the pulmonary circulation?

  Serves the lungs
• What happens to deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary circulation?

  It is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation
• What is the systemic circulation responsible for?

  Pumping oxygenated blood to the body
• How does double circulation differ from single circulation?

  Blood passes through the heart twice in double circulation
• Why is double circulation more efficient than single circulation?

  It pumps oxygenated blood at higher pressure
• What is the role of the right side of the heart?

  Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• What is the role of the left side of the heart?

  Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
• How does blood return to the right side of the heart?

  From the body after delivering oxygen
• What is the significance of the heart's double pump system?

  It separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
• What is the function of the capillary network?

  Facilitates exchange of materials