Week 1

• What does Alice remark about faces?

  The face is what one goes by, generally
• What is Humpty Dumpty's complaint about faces?

  Faces are all the same with standard features
• What does Humpty Dumpty suggest would help with face perception?

  Having eyes on the same side of the nose
• What is the significance of scientific interest in faces?

  It helps us understand how we see faces
• What type of approach benefits the scientific endeavor in face perception?

  A large scale and multi-disciplinary approach
• How fast does face recognition occur?

  Around 170 ms
• How fast is the recognition of a familiar face?

  Approximately 250 ms
• What remains constant throughout our lives regarding face recognition?

  Electrophysiological signals from seeing faces
• What are the stages of the face recognition process according to the model described?

  1. Structural Encoding: Extracting basic facial features.
  2. Face Recognition Units (FRUs): Storing facial information.
  3. Person Identity Nodes (PINs): Representing specific individuals.
  4. Person Identity Tag (PIT): Associating identity with the recognized face.
• What is the first stage of face recognition?

  Structural Encoding
• What does Structural Encoding involve?

  Extracting basic facial features and relationships
• What are Face Recognition Units (FRUs)?

  Cognitive mechanisms that store facial information
• What do Person Identity Nodes (PINs) represent?

  Specific individuals with abstract information
• What is the final stage in the face recognition process?

  Creating a Person Identity Tag (PIT)
• What does the Person Identity Tag (PIT) involve?

  Accessing semantic information related to the person
• What does the Bruce and Young model for face perception outline?

  • A multi-stage process for recognizing faces
  • Involves extraction of facial features
  • Encoding in FRUs
  • Transfer to PINs for abstract representation
  • Retrieval of semantic information for identification
• What is the main focus of the study by Crivelli et al. (2016)?

  The fear gasp face as a threat display
• What does the mean proportion of Trobrianders and Spaniards indicate in the study?

  Selection of the threat display
• How many photographs met the criteria in Ekman et al.'s study?

  Thirty photographs
• What types of individuals were included in the photographs of Ekman et al.'s study?

  Male and female Caucasians, adults and children
• What are the three emotional expressions associated with specific phrases in the study?

  • "Friends have come" – Happy
  • "The enemy approaches" – Angry
  • "A child has died" – Sad
• What was the main finding regarding smiling in Fridlund's study?

  Smiling varies with sociality, not emotion
• What were the four conditions under which observers viewed the movie in Fridlund's study?

  Alone, with a friend engaged, with a friend viewing, with a friend present
• What does the term "audience effects" refer to in the context of smiling?

  Influence of social context on smiling behavior
• What did Crivelli and Fridlund conclude about emotional displays?

  Not all emotional displays are universal
• What is the primary muscle involved in producing a smile?

  The zygomatic major
• What are the types of smiles described by Ekman and Friesen?

  • Felt smiles
  • False smiles
  • Miserable smiles
  • Sixteen other kinds of smiles
• What does the halo effect associated with smiles suggest?

  Smiles can produce significant positive effects
• What is the Duchenne Smile characterized by?

  Involvement of zygomatic and orbicularis oris
• What can smiling signal besides happiness?

  Dominance and affiliation
• What are the implications of the research on smiles?

  • Not all smiles are equal
  • Different smiles serve adaptive roles
  • Smiles communicate various social processes