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Nucleophilic Substitution
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Define 'Nucleophile'
A nucleophile is an
electron-rich
species that can
donate
a pair of
electrons
Why do Halogenoalkanes undergo 'Nucleophilic Substitution'?
The
halogen
is more
electronegative
than the
carbon
(C-X)
What are the common nucleophiles?
Hydroxides
- OH-
Ammonia
- NH3
Cyanide
Ion - CN
Define 'hydrolysis'
breaking of a
bond
using
water
Nucleophilic substitution with Aqueous Hydroxides
Reagent:
Sodium
Hydroxide
solution
Conditions:
Aqueous
conditions & heat under
reflux
Mechanism:
Nucleophilic
Substitution
Nucleophilic substitution with Ethanolic Potassium Cyanide
Reagent:
KCN
(potassium cyanide)
Conditions:
Heating
under
reflux
&
Ethanol
Mechanism:
Nucleophilic
Substitution
Nucleophilic Substitution With Ammonia
Reagent:
Ammonia
dissolved in
ethanol
Conditions: Heating under
pressure
,
sealed
in a tube
Mechanism:
Nucleophilic
Substitution
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