Nucleophilic Substitution

    Cards (7)

    • Define 'Nucleophile'
      • A nucleophile is an electron-rich species that can donate a pair of electrons
    • Why do Halogenoalkanes undergo 'Nucleophilic Substitution'?
      • The halogen is more electronegative than the carbon (C-X)
    • What are the common nucleophiles?
      • Hydroxides - OH-
      • Ammonia - NH3
      • Cyanide Ion - CN
    • Define 'hydrolysis'
      • breaking of a bond using water
    • Nucleophilic substitution with Aqueous Hydroxides
      Reagent: Sodium Hydroxide solution
      Conditions: Aqueous conditions & heat under reflux
      Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution
    • Nucleophilic substitution with Ethanolic Potassium Cyanide
      Reagent: KCN (potassium cyanide)
      Conditions: Heating under reflux & Ethanol
      Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution
    • Nucleophilic Substitution With Ammonia
      Reagent: Ammonia dissolved in ethanol
      Conditions: Heating under pressure, sealed in a tube
      Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution
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