SAS 16

• Respond to students’ answers during the next class meeting or as soon as possible, giving importance to social distancing, hygienic practices, and wearing of mask at all times.
• In the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, the liver is soft and difficult to feel through the abdominal wall.
• The lower margin of the liver, the liver edge, is often palpable at the right costal margin.
• The gallbladder, which rests against the inferior surface of the liver, and the more deeply lying duodenum are generally not palpable in the right upper quadrant.
• In the right upper quadrant, the right kidney may be felt, especially in thin people with relaxed abdominal muscles.
• Moving medially, the examiner encounters the rib cage, which protects the stomach; the xiphoid process lies in the midline.
• The abdominal aorta often has visible pulsations and is usually palpable in the upper abdomen in the right upper quadrant.
• In the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, the spleen is lateral to and behind the stomach, just above the left kidney in the left midaxillary line.
• The upper margin of the spleen rests against the dome of the diaphragm.
• The 9th, 10th, and 11th ribs protect most of the spleen.
• The tip of the spleen may be palpable below the left costal margin in a small percentage of adults.
• In the left lower quadrant of the abdomen, the firm, narrow, tubular sigmoid colon is often felt and portions of the transverse and descending colon may also be palpable.
• Treatment for abdominal pain can include medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery.
• Visceral pain occurs when hollow abdominal organs such as the intestine or biliary tree contract unusually forcefully or are distended or stretched.
• Referred pain is felt in more distant sites, which are innervated at approximately the same spinal levels as the disordered structures.
• Gastrointestinal symptoms include abdominal pain, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, change in bowel function, diarrhea, and constipation.
• Parietal pain originates from inflammation in the parietal peritoneum and is a steady, aching pain that is usually more severe than visceral pain and more precisely localized over the involved structure.
• Associated manifestations of abdominal pain can include urinary and renal symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and other symptoms.
• Urinary and renal symptoms include suprapubic pain, dysuria, urgency, or frequency, hesitancy, decreased stream in males, polyuria or nocturia, urinary incontinence, hematuria, kidney or flank pain, and ureteral colic.
• Characteristic symptoms of abdominal pain can include nausea, vomiting, early satiety, and dysphagia.
• The onset of abdominal pain or discomfort can be acute or chronic, and the location and duration of the pain can vary.
• Referred pain often develops as the initial pain becomes more intense and thus seems to radiate or travel from the initial site.
• Upon palpation of the right lower quadrant, the nurse has observed for rebound tenderness, which may be an indication of pancreatitis.
• Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes can cause the patient to suffer from peptic ulcer disease.
• A patient being admitted is complaining of right upper quadrant pain.
• Dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and acute cholecystitis do not cause the patient to have chronic upper abdominal pain.
• Toast, coffee, rice, and apple can aggravate the occurrence of heartburn.
• Nurse Mito is admitting a patient who has right lower quadrant pain of the abdomen.
• Upon ultrasonography, the physician has diagnosed the patient to have cholecystitis.
• Hyperacidity pain is typically felt at the epigastric region.
• In early acute appendicitis, the initial complaint of abdominal pain is usually felt at the right hypochondriac.
• The nurse must know that the pain in the flank area is originating from the kidneys.
• When a patient is experiencing abdominal pain, the nurse must ask which of the following questions: “Where does the pain start?”, “Does it radiate or travel anywhere?”, “Does the pain have an aching, burning, or gnawing quality?”.
• Superimpositions or erasures in answer/ratio is not allowed.
• Visceral pain originates from inflammation in the parietal peritoneum.
• In the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, the bladder may be palpated and bowel loops and the appendix are located at the tail of the cecum near the junction of the small and large intestines.
• A distended bladder may be palpable above the symphysis pubis.
• The bladder accommodates roughly 300 ml of urine filtered by the kidneys into the renal pelvis and the ureters.
• Bladder expansion stimulates contraction of bladder smooth muscle, the detrusor muscle, at relatively low pressures.
• Rising pressure in the bladder triggers the conscious urge to void.