Drills

• Theories change to incorporate new findings.
• Theories are based on certain assumptions.
• Theories and research are interwoven.
• A good theory develops hypotheses, which can then be tested by research.
• Freud's theory emphasizes the role of childhood experiences.
• Freud's theory includes the importance of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations.
• Freud's theory highlights the importance of developing formal operational thought.
• Freud's theory acknowledges the ambivalence of emotional responses.
• Tentative explanations or predictions that can be scientifically tested are called hypotheses.
• “If children learn aggression from models, then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows.” is an example of a hypothesis.
• Interviews are a method of research that involves asking questions to gather data.
• An in-depth study of an individual is referred to as a naturalistic observation.
• Experiments are a method of research that involves manipulating variables to test a hypothesis.
• Case studies are a method of research that involves an in-depth study of a culture or subculture.
• A controlled procedure in which the experimenter manipulates variables to learn how one affects another is known as an experiment.
• The subjects who receive the treatment or independent variable in an experimental study are referred to as the experimental group.
• Developmental researchers use various methods to collect data, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
• Third or confounding variables are most problematic in case study research design.
• A positive correlation between variables means that one variable determines the other.
• Any consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called reinforcement.
• John B. Watson worked with "Little Albert" in one of the earliest and most famous examples of classical conditioning in human development.
• Her mother notices that the child now cries when she sees this nurse even if no injection is given, which is an example of classical conditioning.
• The principles of classical conditioning were developed by Ivan Pavlov.
• A girl receives an injection and cries, and each time she receives an injection again, the same nurse gives it.
• The principle of operant conditioning states that an organism will repeat behaviors when these behaviors are reinforced.
• Operant conditioning was formulated by B.F. Skinner.
• When little Sasha calls her neighbor’s dog “Kitty,” she is exhibiting accommodation.
• It is important for parents and teachers to understand how children think so they can more effectively manage them.
• One criticism of Piaget’s theory of development is that it overestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.
• Psychologist Lev Vygotsky saw cognitive growth as a collaborative process in which children learn through social interaction.
• Children strive for understanding when they are in a state of equilibration, according to Piaget.
• According to Jean Piaget, the primary goal or need that leads children to change their ways of thinking to adapt to new experiences is satisfaction of id impulses.
• The quantitative changes, such as documenting the number of words added to a child’s vocabulary, support which theory?
• A therapeutic approach aimed at giving patients insight into their unconscious conflicts is called psychoanalysis.
• Stacy’s mother follows the psychoanalytic perspective.
• Stacy’s mother believes that most of Stacy’s acting out lately has been caused by unconscious forces within her that motivate her behavior.
• Most of the early pioneers in psychology, such as Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget, favored the organismic perspective on human development, which views development as occurring in specific stages.
• Organismic theorists emphasize qualitative change, while mechanistic theorists emphasize quantitative change.
• Psychoanalytic theory was developed by Sigmund Freud.
• Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed because she has developed self-efficacy.