Dev Psych Rev

• Freud's psychoanalytic theory includes the psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic, and genital.
• Erikson's psychosocial theory includes the stages of trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, and industry vs. inferiority.
• Piaget's cognitive theory includes the stages of sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational.
• Adults require 7 hours sleep per night.
• The brain demonstrates plasticity and white matter increases into the 50s during the climacteric.
• Diabetes includes Type 1 and Type 2.
• Grandparenting Styles include Remote, where grandparents live far away, and Companionate, where they do things with little control.
• Rheumatoid Arthritis causes joint pain and swelling, fatigue and fever.
• Metabolism slows down during the climacteric, which is the midlife transition when fertility declines.
• Perimenopause and Menopause are stages of the climacteric.
• Women provide support in friendship, while men consume alcohol.
• Kohlberg's moral theory includes the stages of preconventional and conventional morality.
• According to Freud, the oral stage in psychosexual development occurs from birth to 12 - 18 months, where the baby's chief source of pleasure involves mouth-oriented activities such as sucking and feeding.
• Freud also identifies the infantile genital stage from 12 - 18 months to 3 years, where the genital region becomes the zone of gratification and the child becomes attached to the parent of the other sex and later identifies with the same-sex parent.
• Vocabulary Growth typically reaches 40,000 words by the age of 9.
• Sleep requirements decrease from 15 - 16 hours (2 years), to 7 - 8 hours (6 years), to 6 - 8 hours (12 years).
• Attention is divided, selective, and sustained.
• Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development consist of three stages: Conventional, Law and Order, and Post-Conventional.
• Normative Expectation is the expectation of being kind and sharing with others.
• Conceptualizations of Friendships focus on reward and cost, where friendship focuses on mutual activities.
• Toilet training is typically achieved by 98% of children (age 3).
• Childhood obesity is a significant issue in developmental psychology.
• Children can draw recognizable shapes by the age of 3.
• Vygotsky's ZPD and Scaffolding are concepts related to private speech.
• Adolescence, which spans from puberty to 18 years, typically sees rapid growth and sexual maturation, with girls gaining 10 - 11 inches and 50 - 75 lbs, and boys gaining 10 - 11 inches and 50 - 75 lbs.
• Empathy and Understanding are characterized as loyal, committed, and sharing intimate information.
• Vygotsky suggests private speech is used to solve problems or clarify thoughts.
• According to Piaget, private speech is egocentric.
• Theory of Mind is the ability to consider others' thoughts, which typically develops between 2 - 6 years, with 200 - 10,000 words.
• Piaget's Preoperational Stage consists of two substages: Pretend play and Children can't conserve.
• Erikson's stage of Initiative vs Guilt focuses on being busy achieving goals.
• The superego develops during the Oedipal Conflict, a stage Freud identifies in boys from 3 to 6 years and in girls from 4 to 7 years.
• According to Erikson, the oral stage in psychosocial development occurs from birth to 12 - 18 months, where the baby's chief source of pleasure involves mouth-oriented activities such as sucking and feeding.
• John Bowlby's Attachment Styles theory includes three stages of separation anxiety: Protest, Despair, and Detachment.
• Parten's Classification System includes Unoccupied Play, Solitary Play, Onlooker Play, Parallel Play, Associative Play, and Cooperative Play.
• The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is the tasks a child can’t do independently but can do with support.
• Scaffolding is temporary support.
• Marcia's Identity Statuses theory includes eight specific intelligences: Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Kinesthetic (body), Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalistic.
• Lev Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory suggests that cognitive development is facilitated by cultural products and social interaction with adults and more learned peers.
• B.F Skinner's Operant Conditioning includes Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, and Negative Punishment.