Dev Psych

• Development is the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan.
• Most development involves growth, although it also includes decline brought on by aging and dying.
• Prolonged grief disorder – Grief that involves enduring despair and remains unresolved over an extended period of time.
• Dual-process model – A model of coping with bereavement that emphasizes oscillation between two dimensions: (1) loss-oriented stressors, and (2) restoration-oriented stressors.
• Acceptance – Kübler-Ross’ fifth stage of dying, in which the dying person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance of her or his fate, and, in many cases, a desire to be left alone.
• Grief – The emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.
• Life-span perspective is the perspective that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual; involves growth, maintenance, and regulation; and is constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together.
• Normative age-graded influences are influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group.
• Normative history-graded influences are influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances.
• Middle Age is when adults typically face more losses in middle age than earlier in life.
• Exercise can have an effect on children’s and older adults’ ability to process information.
• Non-normative life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s life.
• Culture is the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation.
• Cross-cultural studies involve the comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures.
• Ethnicity is a characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language.
• Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
• Gender is the characteristics of people as males or females.
• Social policy is a national government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.
• The number of Americans over age 65 has grown dramatically since 1900 and is projected to increase further from the present to the year 2040.
• Controversial children – Children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked by their peers.
• Care perspective – The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
• Popular children – Children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.
• Justice perspective – A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions.
• Phonics approach – The idea that reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
• Whole-language approach – An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning.
• Gender stereotypes – Broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males.
• Perspective taking – The social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.
• Postconventional reasoning – The highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
• Direct instruction approach – A structured, teacher-centered educational approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative affect to a minimum.
• Domain theory of moral development – Theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains.
• Self-efficacy – The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.
• Neglected children – Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.
• Rejected children – Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
• Self-concept – Domain-specific evaluations of the self.
• Social conventional reasoning – Thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast with moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues.
• Constructivist approach – A learner-centered educational approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
• Self-esteem – The global evaluative dimension of the self.
• Average children – Children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers.
• Conventional reasoning – The lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
• Mindset – The cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves.