C3

• Prisons grew as a substitute for transportation, exile, public degradation, corporal punishments, and the death penalty.
• Lock Psychosis: Term denoting overconcentration of prison administrators with security and community protection, to be accomplished through extensive use of locks, head counts, and internal control of inmates.
• Convict Bogey: Irrational fear of prison inmates who can only be managed through head counts, locking, and recounting.
• Prisons and penitentiaries arose as the use of the death penalty was curtailed.
• In the United States, imprisonment was introduced as a substitute for corporal punishment and the death penalty.
• The Mamertine Prison is the oldest known prison, originally designed as a reservoir for water.
• Early prisons included the Sanctuary, Le Stinche Prison, Walnut Street Jail, and Devil's Island.
• Prisons were modified from seclusion to more formalized places of punishment within monasteries and abbeys.
• Bridewell was a workhouse created for the employment and housing of London's "riffraff."
• Dartmoor Prison was known as the "house of halfway to hell" and housed French prisoners.
• Hospicio de San Michelle was a prison divided into cells and established as a prototype of reformatories for juvenile offenders.
• The Auburn system adopted practices such as the rehabilitative concept, segregation of prisoners, forced silence, and more.
• Auburn Prison System: Prisoners confined to single cells at night and work in groups during the day.
• Indiana Women's Prison: Established in 1873 as the first adult female correctional facility in the US.
• Workhouses: Introduced in England and later copied in Europe, designed for hard work and discipline.
• Hospice of San Michele: A correctional facility for boys with goals of reform and silence.
• Singsing Prison: Known for harsh punishments including floggings and the use of a shower bath.
• Inspection House (Panopticon): A model prison designed by Jeremy Bentham for ethical and useful evaluation of laws.
• Pennsylvania Prison System: Solitary confinement of prisoners in their own cells day and night.
• Château d'If: A fortress built on the rocky islet of If, used as a state prison for serious political and religious crimes.
• Walnut Street Jail: Converted into the first American penitentiary, known as the Pennsylvania System.
• Maison de Force: A Belgian workhouse designed for profit through enforced hard work and discipline.
• Alcatraz: A prison located on an island in San Francisco Bay, used by the military and later as a civil prison.
• Charles Montesquieu brought attention to abuses of criminal law in his essay Persian Letters.
• Penn is the founder of Pennsylvania and a system of justice that required compensation of victims and repentance to restore the offender to God's grace.
• Jeremy Bentham argued for carefully calibrated punishment to deter potential offenders and maximize pleasures.
• Penn also fought for the abolition of the death penalty and torture as a form of punishment.
• An early prison system requiring inmate's silence, individual cells, and inmate labor in those cells.
• The Great Law was a body of laws of the Quakers that saw hard labor as a more effective punishment than the death penalty for crimes and demanded compensation to victims.
• William Penn fought for religious freedom and individual rights and was the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional treatment for major offenders.
• The philosophic movement of the eighteenth century emphasized rationalism and led to reforms in criminal law and punishment.
• Hard labor, deprivation, monotony, uniformity, mass movement, degradation, corporal punishment, isolation or solitary confinement were all aspects of the Pennsylvania prison system.
• John Howard crusaded to improve conditions in jails after being appalled by the conditions as an English high sheriff.
• Charles Montesquieu, Voltaire, Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, John Howard, and William Penn were leaders in the movement for criminal justice reforms.
• Hedonistic Calculus is Jeremy Bentham's argument that individuals should maximize pleasure while minimizing pain.
• Voltaire challenged old ideas of legalized torture, criminal responsibility, and justice through his involvement in trials.
• Sir Walter Crofton introduced the Irish System, also known as the Progressive Stage System, in Irish Prisons.
• John Locke founded the School of Empiricism and believed in empirical evidence and the concept of tabula rasa.
• Alcatraz was built in 1934 to house notorious criminals such as Al Capone and Bonnie and Clyde, but was eventually abandoned by the U.S. Bureau of Prisons due to high maintenance costs.
• Zebulon Reed Brockway implemented a new institutional program for boys at the Elmira Reformatory in New York.