Epidemiology

• How did John Snow identify the source of the cholera outbreak?

  By mapping cases near a contaminated water pump
• What does incidence refer to in epidemiology?

  New cases of a disease in a time
• What preventive measure was developed as a result of Pasteur's germ theory?

  Vaccination
• What would epidemiologists do if many students catch the flu?

  They would analyze exposure and prevention
• If there are 50 new flu cases in a year, what does this represent?

  The incidence of flu in that year
• How is incidence measured?

  By counting new cases over a specific time
• If 10% of students have the flu, what does this represent?

  The prevalence of flu among students
• What are the key developments in the history of epidemiology?

  • John Snow's cholera investigation in the 1850s
  • Pasteur's germ theory revolutionizing infectious disease understanding
  • Modern epidemiology's use of statistical tools for analysis
• What are risk factors in epidemiology?

  Factors that increase disease likelihood
• What significant event did John Snow investigate in the 1850s?

  A cholera outbreak in London
• What tools does modern epidemiology use to analyze disease patterns?

  Statistical tools
• How does modern epidemiology contribute to health program evaluation?

  By analyzing disease patterns and outcomes
• What is the purpose of a cohort study in epidemiology?

  • To determine the incidence of a disease over time by following a group of people
  • Allows for the establishment of temporal relationships between exposures and outcomes
• How did Pasteur's germ theory impact the understanding of infectious diseases?

  It enabled the development of preventive measures
• How do risk factors influence health?

  They increase the likelihood of getting a disease
• What types of studies are included in observational studies?

  Cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort designs
• What steps do epidemiologists take when an outbreak occurs?

  • Analyze exposure locations
  • Identify causes of disease spread
  • Develop prevention strategies
• What are determinants in epidemiology?

  Factors influencing disease occurrence
• What is the definition of epidemiology?

  The study of how diseases spread
• How can epidemiology be compared to a detective's work?

  It investigates why people get sick
• If 100 people die from influenza each year, what does this represent?

  The mortality rate from influenza
• What is descriptive analysis in epidemiology?

  Analysis to summarize data patterns
• What does mortality refer to in epidemiology?

  The death rate from a disease
• What does morbidity refer to in epidemiology?

  The rate of illness from a disease
• What are the three main types of epidemiological studies?

  Descriptive, analytical, and experimental
• How do the percentages of hospital expenditures differ between Medicaid, Medicare, and private health insurance?

  Medicaid - 17.3%, Medicare - 26.5%, Private health insurance - 36.8%
• What types of studies are involved in experimental studies?

  Lab and field trials
• If the researcher assigned exposures, what type of study design is it?

  Experimental study
• What is the significance of tracking disease patterns over time in epidemiology?

  It helps identify trends and outbreaks
• How do determinants affect health outcomes?

  They influence the occurrence of diseases
• What determines the appropriate data sources in epidemiological studies?

  • The chosen study design
  • Different designs require different data sources
• How do researchers manipulate variables in experimental studies?

  By actively controlling the study conditions
• Which study types use surveys as a data source?

  Cohort and cross-sectional
• What percentage of hospital expenditures in 2019 were paid for by private health insurance?

  36.8%
• What are the main types of epidemiological studies?

  Observational, Cross-sectional, Case-control, Cohort
• Why is it important to target specific population groups for outreach and support?

  To effectively address their unique health needs
• Who is considered the father of epidemiology?

  John Snow
• What is the purpose of a case-control study in epidemiology?

  To identify risk factors by comparing a group with the outcome to a group without the outcome
• What percentage of people aged 1-64 with Medicaid had a hospital stay in 2019?

  10.8%
• If 200 students get sick with the flu annually, what does this represent?

  The morbidity rate of flu among students