Final

• Be able to analyze a given data set using the above-mentioned basic statistical tools

  You can do it
• Lab 2

  Microscopes
• Ocular Lens: Eyepiece, 10x.

  
• Brightness: As magnification increases, brightness decreases.
• Which one provides the largest field of view under a compound microscope, 4X or 40X objective? How much more?

  The 4x objective provides a field of view 10x larger than the 40x objective lens.
• Be able to calculate the size of the specimen given the stage and ocular micrometers.

  Number of divisions on ocular micrometer: xNumber of divisions on stage micrometer: yTotal aligned distance on the stage micrometer: S = y x 10Size of each division on ocular micrometer: s = S/x
• What are the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell? Similarities?

  Differences: plant cells are generally larger, plant cells conduct photosynthesis, plant cells have a cell wall, plant cells contain vacuolesSimilarities: eukaryotic, containing membrane-bound organelles, both have cell membranes, cytoskeleton
• How should you care for a microscope?

  Never use coarse adjustment knob with higher magnification objective lensesWhen done with use:Rotate lowest power objective over stage opening, remove slide, turn off light source, unplug power cord, wrap power cord around the arm, always carry with both hands
• Lab 3

  Protists
• What are protists? How are protists important to us?

  Protists are a taxa that includes all organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungi. Most are unicellular, some are multicellular, some are colonial. Live in a wide range of moist or aquatic habitats. Plant-like protists can perform photosynthesis and consume CO2 while releasing O2. Some red algae contribute to the formation of tropical reefs. Some protists make products that are used in food industries and biological labs. Red algae are an important source of agar, used in biological labs, and carrageenan is widely used as a thickening agent in ice cream, pudding, chocolate milk, and cosmetics.
• What did you use methylcellulose (protoslo) for in the lab?

  In this lab, protoslo was used to slow the movement of Chlamydomonas to observe how flagella helps the organism to move around under the microscope.
• What organisms you examined in the lab have stigma? What is the function of stigma in these organisms?

  Organisms with stigma:EuglenaChlamydomonasVolvoxFunction of stigma: also called an eyespot, senses light and allows organism to display positive or negative phototaxis
• Explain conjugation in Spirogyra.

  Haploid filaments of opposite mating types lie adjacent to each other and produce small projections that eventually touch. Their cell walls dissolve and a conjugation tube forms. Cellular content of the male gamete migrates through the conjugation tube to unite with the female gamete, producing a diploid zygote. The zygote then develops into a zygospore by surrounding itself with a thick cell wall. Zygospore is released as the filament disintegrates, which then germinates and makes a new haploid filament.

  
• Why would excess water tend to accumulate in Amoeba and Paramecium? How does Amoeba and Paramecium remove excess water?

  Excess water would tend to accumulate in Amoeba and Paramecium because of osmosis, and this water is expelled from the organisms using contractile vacuoles.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of conjugation in Paramecium? Why do some scientists call conjugation in Paramecium a form of "sexual reproduction" and others do not?

  The advantage of conjugation in Paramecium is genetic diversity, and the disadvantages are that it is an energy consuming process requiring more than one organism. Some scientists do not call conjugation sexual reproduction because no new organisms are made, it is a DNA recombination process.
• In the Paramecium feeding experiment, what material was used to feed Paramecium? How does the feeding and digestion occur in Paramecium? What dye was used as a pH indicator? How did its color change?


  In the Paramecium feeding experiment, yeast was used to feed the Paramecium. Paramecium feeds on smaller microorganisms, digesting their food in the food vacuole, and expelling waste materials through the anal pore. In this experiment, we used Congo-red dye, and the color changed from red to blue as digestion occurred.
• Be able to identify the unicellular, colonial and multicellular protists that you observed in the lab. Compare their external and internal features.

  Unicellular:AmoebaEuglenaChlamydomonasMulticellular:ParameciumSpirogyraRed algaeBrown algaeColonial:Volvox
• What functions do cilia, flagella, and pseudopods have in common? What organisms possess these structures respectively?

  Cilia, flagella, and pseudopods all tend to function to assist movement in organisms.Cilia:ParameciumFlagella:VolvoxChlamydomonasEuglenaPseudopods:Amoeba
• What is phototaxis? What protists exhibit phototaxis? Positive or negative phototaxis? What structures are important for achieving phototaxis?

  Phototaxis can be positive or negative, and allows organisms to maximize light intensity for photosynthesis. The stigma, or eyespots are important for achieving phototaxis.EuglenaChlamydomonasVolvox
• How did thermal pollution affect the profile of protists?

  Thermal pollution tended to decrease the amount of protists in an given space as opposed to room temperature.
• How did MiracleGro affect the profile of protists?

  MiracleGro increased the number of protists in a given space until its concentration made it difficult for the protists to survive; the 5% concentration ended up being toxic to the protists.
• Labs 4 and 5

  Land Plants I and II
• Know the life cycle of moss, fern, pine, and lily, as well as the ploidy of each stage. How does the life cycle of each plant help it to adapt to the terrestrial life?

  Look @ diagrams
• What happened after you apply acetone to the sporangia of the ferns?

  It causes the spores to disperse.
• How do ferns avoid inbreeding?

  Antheridia and archegonia mature at different rates and produce sperms and eggs at different times to prevent self-fertilization.
• What are the advantages of vascular tissues in land plants?

  Vascular tissues allow land plants to grow larger because they can efficiently transport materials.Xylem: transport of waterPhloem: transport of organic materials
• What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

  Pollination refers to the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Fertilization can only occur after pollination, and refers to the joining of sperm and egg inside the ovary.
• What is the evolutionary significance of pollen and seeds respectively?

  Pollen means that water is no longer essential for reproduction, and seeds provide a protective coat for the embryo and increase reproductive success.
• What chemical did you use to stain the seeds? What does the staining pattern tell you about the content of the endosperm and embryo?

  Iodine was used to stain the seeds, and the staining pattern revealed that the majority of starch in the seed is located in the endosperm, rather than in the embryo.
• Types of fruits and examples of each type. Would you refer to the uncracked sunflower achene as a fruit? Why or why not?

  Simple fruits: plums, peachesAggregate fruits: blackberries, raspberriesMultiple fruits: pineapples, corn cobsAccessory fruits: apples, strawberriesI would refer to the uncracked sunflower achene as a fruit, even though it is dry and does not open at maturity. It is a simple fruit. Just because it doesn't have flesh doesn't mean it's not a fruit. It still has reproductive structures within.
• Define double fertilization.


  Occurs when one sperm fertilizes the egg and the zygote develops, while the other fuses with the two polar nuclei, resulting in two fertilization events occurring at once.
• How do seeds and fruits help angiosperms become so widespread?

  Seeds are protected by fruit tissues, which helps them become more successful organisms. The seeds themselves also contain nutritive tissues and have a protective seed coat to insulate the embryo and assist its development. The fruit tissue also helps in dispersion, as many have wings to help dispersal by wind, and others have flesh and can be eaten by animals and dispersed through feces.
• Among the angiosperms that you examined in the lab, which ones are dicots? Which ones are monocots?

  Monocots: lily plantDicot: celery stem
• What are the differences between a monocot and a dicot?

  Monocot: Only one cotyledonFlower parts arranged in 3s or multiples of 3sLeaves with parallel veinsScattered arrangement of vascular bundlesDicots: Two cotyledonsFlower parts arranges in 4s, 5s, or multiples of 4s and 5sNet-like leaf veinsVascular bundles arranged in rings
• How are insects such as bees important for the reproduction of angiosperms?

  Insects such as bees are important for the reproduction of angiosperms because pollination is required in reproduction, which cannot be done through water in land plants, and so requires either wind or a pollinator to be possible. Bees and other such insects are the primary pollinators of angiosperms.
• Parts of flower and their functions. What advantages do flowers give angiosperms over gymnosperms?

  Flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms.Sepals: outermost structure, modified leavesPetals: internal to the sepals, highly coloredCollectively make up the corollaStamens: internal to the petals, consist of filament and antherAnther: where microsporocytes undergo meiosis to produce microsporesCarpel: center of flower consisting of ovary, style, and stigma, also called the pistil
• Lab 6

  Animals I
• Be able to describe the earthworm's nervous system, cardiovascular system, and digestive system.

  Nervous system: consists of a brain and ventral nerve cord with ganglia and nerve endings in each segmentCardiovascular system: closed circulatory system, blood flow is driven by tubular heart into the ventral blood vessels to be delivered to the body, then returns to the heart by the dorsal blood vessel
• Describe the layers of musculature in an earthworm and how they help its burrowing activity. What muscles are responsible for the lengthening of the segments during movement? Which muscles shorten the segment?

  Earthworms alternate contractions of longitudinal and circular muscles to produce movement. First circular muscles contract and the anterior end becomes elongated and pushed forward, then those muscles relax and the longitudinal muscles contract so the posterior end is pulled forward and becomes shorter.
• Lab 7

  Animals II