Types of Data

• What is quantitative data, as defined in the text?

  Data in the form of numbers
• What does the word "quantity" refer to?

  The number or amount of something
• What can quantitative data be gathered by?

  Recording of variables
• What statistics can quantitative data be described with?

  Descriptive statistics
• How can quantitative data be summarized?

  In tables and graphs
• What is qualitative data, as defined in the text?

  Data in the form of words
• What does qualitative data consist of?

  Descriptions of behavior, thoughts, and feelings
• How can qualitative data be transformed into quantitative data?

  By coding and tallying behavioral categories
• Where is quantitative data often collected from?

  Experiments and closed question questionnaires
• What is content analysis?

  A way to turn large amounts of qualitative data
• Where is qualitative data suited to be collected from?

  Interviews, observations, and open question questionnaires
• What is an advantage of quantitative data?

  It's seen as objectively measured
• What is something many studies will collect?

  A combination of both data types
• What is qualitative data seen as?

  More subjective and open to interpretation
• How can quantitative data be summarized?

  Using graphs and tables
• What is something qualitative data is more difficult to do?

  Summarize
• What tends to be more reliable: quantitative or qualitative data techniques?

  Quantitative data techniques
• What is a weakness of quantitative data?

  It is seen as lacking depth and detail
• What is an advantage of qualitative data?

  It's seen as richer with far more detail
• According to the text, what does qualitative data arguably offer?

  A more valid measurement of human experience
• In Milgram's study, what did the quantitative findings show?

  Most participants went to high voltage levels
• What did qualitative data from Milgram's study reveal?

  Participants found giving shocks emotionally difficult
• What does the qualitative data from Milgram's study provide?

  Context
• What is primary data?

  First hand or original data
• According to the text, what is the researcher responsible for when collecting primary data?

  Generating the data
• How do researchers collect primary data?

  Experiments, observations, interviews, questionnaires, and case studies
• What type of statistics can secondary data be?

  Government or business statistics
• What is a downside to primary data?

  Large investment in cost and research time
• What is a cost saving when it comes to secondary data?

  Data is already collected freely accessible
• What advantage does primary data have over secondary data?

  It's likely to be more valid
• What must researchers collecting secondary data trust?

  The original researchers collected valid data
• What is a meta-analysis?

  Combines results of previously published studies
• What is the purpose of a meta-analysis?

  To see an overall effect size
• Why is a meta-analysis statistically powerful?

  Combined participant sample can be very large
• Why are meta-analysis results seen as more trustworthy?

  Looks at the overall pattern of multiple studies
• What can meta-analysis compare and contrast results of multiple studies to identify?

  Relationships
• What is a disadvantage of meta-analysis?

  Each study uses unique research procedures
• What must the researcher conducting the meta-analysis trust?

  Data has been collected and analyzed accurately
• What effect reported may not be a reflection of true behavior?

  Systematic publication bias
• What is the file drawer problem?

  Negative results remaining unpublished